தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல்

கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிப்பீடியாவில் இருந்து.

தனிமங்களின் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் பட்டியல் (list of oxidation states of the elements) (முழு எண்களாக மட்டுமுள்ளவை) இங்கு தரப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகப் பொதுவாகக் காணப்படுபவை தடித்த எழுத்துகளில் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. நார்மன் கிரன்வுட், எர்ன்சாவ்[1] ஆகியோரின் கருத்துகளின் அடிப்படையில் சிலவற்றைக் கூடுதலாகச் சேர்த்து இந்த அட்டவணை பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலை 0 எல்லாத் தனிமங்களுக்கும் பொதுவானது என்பதால் அது தனிமங்களின் குறியீடு உள்ள வரிசையிலேயே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. 1889 ஆம் ஆண்டில் மெண்டெலீவ் இந்த அட்டவணையின் மாதிரியை வடிவமைத்தார். தனிமங்களுடைய ஆக்சிசனேற்ற நிலைகளின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்பு இவ்வட்டவணையில் வெளிப்படுகிறது[1].

பட்டியல்[தொகு]

  தனிமம்
  அருமன் வாயு
Z தனிமம் எதிர்
ஆக்சிசனேற்ற
நிலைகள்
  நேர்
ஆக்சிசனேற்ற
நிலைகள்
குழு குறிப்புகள்
−9−5 −9−4 −9−3 −9−2 −9−1 _0 _+1 _+2 _+3 _+4 _+5 _+6 _+7 _+8 _+9
1 நீரியம் −1−1 H +1+1+1 1
2 ஈலியம் He 18
3 இலித்தியம் Li +1+1+1 1 [2]
4 பெரிலியம் Be +1 +2+2 2 [3]
5 போரான் −5 −1 B +1 +2 +3+3 13 [4][5]
6 கரிமம் −4−4 −3−3 −2−2 −1−1 C +1+1+1 +2+2 +3+3 +4+4 14
7 நைட்ரசன் −3−3 −2 −1 N +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15
8 ஆக்சிசன் −2−2 −1 O +1 +2 16
9 புளோரின் −1−1 F 17
10 நியான் Ne 18
11 சோடியம் −1 Na +1+1+1 1 [2]
12 மக்னீசியம் Mg +1 +2+2 2 [6]
13 அலுமினியம் −2 −1 Al +1 +2 +3+3 13 [7][8][9]
14 சிலிக்கான் −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Si +1 +2 +3 +4+4 14
15 பாசுபரசு −3−3 −2 −1 P +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15
16 கந்தகம் −2−2 −1 S +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16
17 குளோரின் −1−1 Cl +1+1+1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7+7 17 [10]
18 ஆர்கான் Ar 18
19 பொட்டாசியம் −1 K +1+1+1 1 [2]
20 கல்சியம் −1 Ca +1 +2+2 2 [11][12]
21 இசுக்காண்டியம் Sc +1 +2 +3+3 3
22 தைட்டானியம் −2 −1 Ti +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [13][14][15]
23 வனேடியம் −3 −1 V +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [14]
24 குரோமியம் −4 −2 −1 Cr +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6+6 6 [14]
25 மாங்கனீசு −3 −2 −1 Mn +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7+7 7
26 இரும்பு −4 −2 −1 Fe +1 +2+2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6+6 8 [16][17]
27 கோபால்ட் −3 −1 Co +1 +2+2 +3+3 +4 +5 9 [14]
28 நிக்கல் −2 −1 Ni +1 +2+2 +3 +4 10 [18]
29 செப்பு −2 Cu +1 +2+2 +3 +4 11 [17]
30 துத்தநாகம் −2 Zn +1 +2+2 12 [17][19]
31 காலியம் −5 −4 −2 −1 Ga +1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][20]
32 ஜேர்மானியம் −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Ge +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [21]
33 ஆர்சனிக் −3−3 −2 −1 As +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15 [8][22][23]
34 செலீனியம் −2−2 −1 Se +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16 [24][25][26][27]
35 புரோமின் −1−1 Br +1+1+1 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +7+7 17
36 கிரிப்டான் Kr +2+2 18
37 ருபீடியம் −1 Rb +1+1+1 1 [2]
38 இசுட்ரோன்சியம் Sr +1 +2+2 2 [28]
39 இட்ரியம் Y +1 +2 +3+3 3 [29][30]
40 சிர்க்கோனியம் −2 Zr +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [14][31]
41 நையோபியம் −3 −1 Nb +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [14][32]
42 மாலிப்டினம் −4 −2 −1 Mo +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 6 [14]
43 டெக்னீசியம் −3 −1 Tc +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7+7 7
44 ருத்தேனியம் −4 −2 Ru +1 +2 +3+3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [14][17]
45 ரோடியம் −3 −1 Rh +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 9 [14]
46 பலேடியம் Pd +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 10 [33][34][35][36]
47 வெள்ளி (தனிமம்) −2 −1 Ag +1+1+1 +2 +3 +4 11 [17][37][38]
48 காட்மியம் −2 Cd +1 +2+2 12 [17][39]
49 இண்டியம் −5 −2 −1 In +1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][40][41]
50 வெள்ளீயம் −4−4 −3 −2 −1 Sn +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [8][42][43]
51 அந்திமனி −3−3 −2 −1 Sb +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5+5 15 [8][44][45][46]
52 தெலூரியம் −2−2 −1 Te +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 16 [8][47][48][49]
53 அயோடின் −1−1 I +1+1+1 +3+3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7+7 17 [50][51]
54 செனான் Xe +2+2 +4+4 +6+6 +8 18 [52]
55 சீசியம் −1 Cs +1+1+1 1 [2]
56 பேரியம் Ba +1 +2+2 2 [53]
57 இலந்தனம் La +1 +2 +3+3 [54]
58 சீரியம் Ce +2 +3+3 +4+4
59 பிரசியோடைமியம் Pr +2 +3+3 +4
60 நியோடைமியம் Nd +2 +3+3 +4 [55]
61 புரோமித்தியம் Pm +2 +3+3 [56]
62 சமாரியம் Sm +2 +3+3
63 யூரோப்பியம் Eu +2+2 +3+3
64 கடோலினியம் Gd +1 +2 +3+3
65 டெர்பியம் Tb +1 +2 +3+3 +4 [56]
66 டிசிப்ரோசியம் Dy +2 +3+3 +4 [57]
67 ஓல்மியம் Ho +2 +3+3 [56]
68 எர்பியம் Er +2 +3+3 [56]
69 தூலியம் Tm +2 +3+3
70 இட்டெர்பியம் Yb +2 +3+3
71 லியுதேத்தியம் Lu +2 +3+3 3 [56]
72 ஆஃபினியம் −2 Hf +1 +2 +3 +4+4 4 [14][58]
73 டாண்ட்டலம் −3 −1 Ta +1 +2 +3 +4 +5+5 5 [14][59]
74 தங்குதன் −4 −2 −1 W +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6+6 6 [14]
75 இரேனியம் −3 −1 Re +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 7
76 ஓசுமியம் −4 −2 −1 Os +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [17][60]
77 இரிடியம் −3 −1 Ir +1 +2 +3+3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [61][62][63][64]
78 பிளாட்டினம் −3 −2 −1 Pt +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 10 [17][65][66]
79 தங்கம் −3 −2 −1 Au +1 +2 +3+3 +5 11 [17]
80 mercury −2 Hg +1+1+1 +2+2 +4 12 [17][67]
81 தாலியம் −5 −2 −1 Tl +1+1+1 +2 +3+3 13 [8][68][69][70]
82 ஈயம் −4 −2 −1 Pb +1 +2+2 +3 +4+4 14 [8][71][72]
83 பிசுமத் −3 −2 −1 Bi +1 +2 +3+3 +4 +5 15 [73][74][75][76]
84 பொலோனியம் −2−2 Po +2+2 +4+4 +5 +6 16 [77]
85 அசுட்டட்டைன் −1−1 At +1+1+1 +3 +5 +7 17
86 ரேடான் Rn +2+2 +6 18 [78][79][80]
87 பிரான்சீயம் Fr +1+1+1 1
88 ரேடியம் Ra +2+2 2
89 ஆக்டினியம் Ac +2 +3+3 [81]
90 தோரியம் Th +1 +2 +3 +4+4 [82]
91 புரோடாக்டினியம் Pa +2 +3 +4 +5+5 [83]
92 யுரேனியம் U +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6+6 [84][85]
93 நெப்டியூனியம் Np +2 +3 +4 +5+5 +6 +7 [86]
94 புளுட்டோனியம் Pu +1 +2 +3 +4+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 [86][87][88]
95 அமெரிசியம் Am +2 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 [89][90]
96 கியூரியம் Cm +2 +3+3 +4 +6 [86][91][92]
97 பெர்க்கிலியம் Bk +2 +3+3 +4 [93]
98 கலிபோர்னியம் Cf +2 +3+3 +4
99 ஐன்ஸ்டைனியம் Es +2 +3+3 +4 [94]
100 பெர்மியம் Fm +2 +3+3
101 மெண்டலீவியம் Md +2 +3+3
102 நொபிலியம் No +2+2 +3
103 இலாரென்சியம் Lr +3+3 3
104 இரதர்ஃபோர்டியம் Rf +4+4 4
105 தூப்னியம் Db +5+5 5 [95]
106 சீபோர்கியம் Sg +6+6 6 [96]
107 போரியம் Bh +7+7 7 [97]
108 ஆசியம் Hs +8+8 8 [98]

இதே போன்ற ஒரு வடிவப் படம் (கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது) 1919 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இர்விங் இலேங்முர் என்ற அமெரிக்க வேதியியலாளரால் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டது[99]. தொடக்கக் காலத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட எண்ம விதியின் கூறுகள் ஆக்சிசனேற்ற எண்களின் ஆவர்த்தனப் பண்புகளுடன் பொருந்தியதால் இவ்விதியை அவர் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார்.

மேற்கோள்கள்[தொகு]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ). Butterworth-Heinemann. பக். 27–28. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0080379419. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
  3. Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). "Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD". J. Chem. Phys. (bernath.uwaterloo.ca) 118 (3): 1158. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2007-12-10. 
  4. B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see James Keeler, Peter Wothers (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.ru/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  5. B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Melanie Schroeder. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (in de). p. 139 இம் மூலத்தில் இருந்து 2015-04-02 அன்று. பரணிடப்பட்டது.. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf. 
  6. Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). "Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds". Science 318 (5857): 1754–1757. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. பப்மெட்:17991827. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318.1754G. 
  7. Al(II) has been observed in அலுமினியம் (II) ஆக்சைடு (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature 202 (4930): 383–384. doi:10.1038/202383a0. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T. , and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. எஆசு:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).
  9. Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). "Sr14[Al42[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions"] (in de). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml. 
  10. The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Lopez, Maria; Juan E. Sicre (1990). "Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide". J. Phys. Chem. 94 (9): 3860–3863. doi:10.1021/j100372a094. , and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Grothe, Hinrich; Willner, Helge (1994). "Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (14): 1482–1484. doi:10.1002/anie.199414821. 
  11. Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. பப்மெட்:20718434. 
  12. The Ca ion is known: see "Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium". Phys. Rev. Lett. 59: 2267–2270. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267. Bibcode: 1987PhRvL..59.2267P. 
  13. Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Andersson, N. et al.; Balfour, Walter J.; Bernath, Peter F.; Lindgren, Bo; Ram, Ram S. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. doi:10.1063/1.1539848. Bibcode: 2003JChPh.118.3543A. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  14. 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
  15. Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3], but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.". Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. பப்மெட்:23387926.  However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6] and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)], see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). "Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2] and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]". Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729. 
  16. Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). "Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)". Platinum Metals Review 48 (4): 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801.  However, their existence has been disputed.
  17. 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry 10 (4): 444–449. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883.  and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". ZAAC 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421. 
  18. Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). "Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521.  and Ellis, John E. (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i. 
  19. Zn(I) has been observed in Zn2Cl2; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985). "Zink" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (91–100 ). Walter de Gruyter. பக். 1034–1041. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:3-11-007511-3. 
  20. Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. "Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden" (in de). p. 72. http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf. 
  21. Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1995). "Germanium" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (101 ). Walter de Gruyter. பக். 953–959. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:3-11-012641-9. .
  22. As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. பப்மெட்:15360247. 
  23. As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO
    3
    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). "Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007. 
  24. Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).
  25. Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see "Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data". WebElements.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-12-10.
  26. Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry - A European Journal 2: 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract. 
  27. Se(V) has been observed in SeO2−
    3
    and HSeO2−
    4
    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). "Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study". Inorganic Chemistry 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112. 
  28. Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso et al.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride". J. Molecular Spectroscopy 175: 158–171. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Bibcode: 1996JMoSp.175..158C. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  29. Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see "Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-12-10.
  30. Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). "Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y].". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y. 
  31. Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3] (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ). Butterworth-Heinemann. பக். 960. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0080379419.  and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1995). "Zirconium" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (101 ). Walter de Gruyter. பக். 1413. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:3-11-012641-9. ), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). "Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.". Inorganic Chemistry 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. பப்மெட்:23387926. 
  32. Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Ram, R.S.; Rinskopf, N.; Liévin, J.; Bernatha, P.F. (2004). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 228 (2): 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001. Bibcode: 2004JMoSp.228..544R. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf. 
  33. Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). "CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?". Science 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921. 
  34. Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). "Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis". Top. Organomet. Chem.. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 35: 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-3-642-17428-5. http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  35. Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see Falconer, W. E.; Disalvo, F. J.; Edwards, A. J.; Griffiths, J. E.; Sunder, W. E.; Vasile, M. J. (1976). "Dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate(V) O2+PdF6: A quinquevalent compound of palladium". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28, Supplement 1: 59–60. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(76)80595-7. 
  36. Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see Chen, W.; Shimada, Shigeru; Tanaka, Masato (2002). "Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes". Science 295 (5553): 308–310. doi:10.1126/science.1067027. Bibcode: 2002Sci...295..308C. 
  37. The Ag ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions.". Inorganic Chemistry 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x. 
  38. Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K2AgF6) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs2AgF6); see Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). "The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements". Coordination Chemistry Reviews (Elsevier) 253 (5–6): 606–624. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014. http://144.206.159.178/ft/243/588116/14862785.pdf. 
  39. Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985). "Cadmium" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (91–100 ). Walter de Gruyter. பக். 1056–1057. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:3-11-007511-3. 
  40. In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. 
  41. In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [6], p. 69.
  42. Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). "Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: February 2015. 
  43. Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
  44. Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). "Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb3−, [Sb2]4− und 1[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1[Sbn]n−"] (in de). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract. பார்த்த நாள்: February 2015. 
  45. Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full. பார்த்த நாள்: February 2015. 
  46. Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl
    6
    ]2−
    , see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). "Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 73 (7): 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599. 
  47. Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see "Tellurium: tellurium iodide". WebElements.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2015-02-23.
  48. Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). "Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 30 (12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation. பார்த்த நாள்: February 2015. .
  49. Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). "Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth". Journal of Chemical Education 51 (9): 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520.  However, Te(V) has been observed in H
    2
    TeO
    4
    , TeO
    3
    , HTeO2−
    4
    , and TeO3−
    4
    ; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). "Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105 (27): 6637–45. doi:10.1021/jp010577i. 
  50. I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus (1988). "Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements". General Chemistry (3rd ). Dover Publications, Inc.. பக். 259. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0-486-65622-5. https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0. 
  51. I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). "Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 77: 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707. 
  52. Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd ). Dover Publications, Inc.. பக். 250. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0-486-65622-5. https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0. ), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
  53. Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso et al.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride". J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: 59. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Bibcode: 1996JMoSp.175..158C. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  54. La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD". J. Molecular Spectroscopy 104: 6444. doi:10.1063/1.471365. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  55. Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  56. 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 All the இலந்தனைடுs (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). "All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. . Additionally, all the இலந்தனைடுs (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H)2(e).
  57. Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  58. Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel'nikov, V.I. (1979). "Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium" (in ru). Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 24 (4): 890–893. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917. 
  59. Ta(I) occurs in CpTa(CO)4, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1995). "Tantal" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (101 ). Walter de Gruyter. பக். 1430. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:3-11-012641-9.  and King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. பக். 11. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0-32-315996-6. https://archive.org/details/transitionmetalo0000king. 
  60. Os(−1) has been observed in Na
    2
    [Os
    4
    (CO)
    13
    ]
    ; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). "Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 454: 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y.  and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). "Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives". Inorganic Chemistry 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019. 
  61. Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ). Butterworth-Heinemann. பக். 1117. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0080379419. 
  62. Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines பரணிடப்பட்டது 2015-03-09 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்.
  63. Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. 
  64. Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+
    4
    ; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature 514: 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795. 
  65. Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the பேரியம் platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). "An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides". Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. பப்மெட்:16479284. 
  66. Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see George B. Kauffman; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). "Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses 9: 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-470-13240-1. 
  67. Hg(IV) has been observed in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. பப்மெட்:17899620. .
  68. Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57-, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z. 
  69. Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). "Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry". in Driess, M.; Nöth, H.. Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. பக். 19. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-3-527-61437-0. 
  70. Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). "Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811. .
  71. Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman. ed. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. பக். 505. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-08-044099-6.  and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). "Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6.". Inorganic Chemistry 43 (20): 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x. 
  72. Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). "A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954. .
  73. Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68. http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim. 
  74. Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman. ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. பக். 67–84. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0-7514-0389-X. 
  75. Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). "Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 30: 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2. 
  76. Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349. 
  77. Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+
    2
    ); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. பக். 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. 
  78. Rn(II) has been observed in ரேடான் டைபுளோரைடு (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). "Ionic Radon Solution". Science 168 (3929): 362–4. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. பப்மெட்:17809133. Bibcode: 1970Sci...168..362S.  and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). "Fluorides of radon and element 118". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., (18): 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. 
  79. Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. பக். 91–93. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-12-023646-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC. பார்த்த நாள்: 22 November 2012. 
  80. Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). "Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. பக். 91–93. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-12-023646-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC. பார்த்த நாள்: 22 November 2012. 
  81. Ac(II) is known in actinium dihydride (AcH2); see Farr, J; Giorgi, A.L.; Bowman, M.G.; Money, R.K. (1961). "The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 18: 42–47. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-inorganic-and-nuclear-chemistry_1961_18/page/42. 
  82. Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". in Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 3 (3rd ). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. பக். 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3 இம் மூலத்தில் இருந்து 2016-03-07 அன்று. பரணிடப்பட்டது.. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  83. Pa(II) is known in protactinium(II) oxide (PaO); see Sellers, Philip A.; Fried, Sherman; Elson, Robert E.; Zachariasen, W. H. (1954). "The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal". Journal of the American Chemical Society 76 (23): 5935–5938. doi:10.1021/ja01652a011. 
  84. U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). "Compounds of Thorium and Uranium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. பக். 87–88. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0-12-023634-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC. பார்த்த நாள்: 22 March 2015. 
  85. U(II) has been observed in uranium monoxide (UO), யுரேனியம் சல்பைடு (US), uranium acetylide (UC2), and uranium sesquicarbide (U2C3); see Bowman, A.L.; Arnold, G.P.; Witteman, W.G.; Wallace, T.C.; Nereson, N.G. (1966). "Test". Acta Crystallographica 21: 670–671. doi:10.1107/s0365110x66003670. 
  86. 86.0 86.1 86.2 Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
  87. Pu(I) has been observed in plutonium monofluoride (PuF); see Kent, R. A. (1968). "Mass spectrometric studies of plutonium compounds at high temperatures. II. Enthalpy of sublimation of plutonium(III) fluoride and the dissociation energy of plutonium(I) fluoride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (21): 5657–59. doi:10.1021/ja01023a002. 
  88. Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Kiselev, Yu. M.; Nikonov, M. V.; Tananaev, I. G.; Myasoedov, B. F. (2009). "On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide". Doklady Akademii Nauk (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.) 425 (5): 634–637. doi:10.1134/S0012501609040022. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0012-5016. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cm95611m66t41505/. பார்த்த நாள்: February 25, 2012. [தொடர்பிழந்த இணைப்பு]
  89. Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5−
    6
    ; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ). Butterworth-Heinemann. பக். 1265. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:0080379419. 
  90. Am(VIII) has been observed; see Nikonov, M. V.; Kiselev, Yu. M.; Myasoedov, B. F. (January 2014). "Americium volatility from ozonized alkaline solutions". Radiochemistry 56 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1134/S1066362214010032. 
  91. Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+
    2
    ); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica) 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. 
  92. Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). "Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4". Radiochemistry (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica) 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098.  However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). "Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study.". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2014 (16): 8997–9001. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k. 
  93. Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. "The Chemistry of Berkelium" in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 ISBN 0-12-023628-1, p. 51, எஆசு:10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4
  94. Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). "Thermochemistry of the actinides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213–214: 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2. 
  95. Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2021-11-02.
  96. Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener et al.; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D. et al. (2001). "Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide". Radiochim. Acta 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 2015-07-12. 
  97. Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" பரணிடப்பட்டது 2008-02-28 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம், Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
  98. Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see "Chemistry of Hassium" (PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-01-31.
  99. Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.