இறந்தவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அடிப்படையிலான போர்கள் மற்றும் மனிதப் பேரழிவுகளின் பட்டியல்

இது இறந்தவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அடிப்படையிலான போர்கள் மற்றும் மனிதப் பேரழிவுகளின் பட்டியல் ஆகும்.

இறந்தவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை 10 இலட்சம் அல்லது அதற்கும் மேலாக மதிப்பிடப்பட்ட போர்கள் மற்றும் ஆயுத மோதல்கள்

நிகழ்வு	குறைந்த பட்ச மதிப்பீடு	அதிகபட்ச மதிப்பீடு	வடிவியல் சராசரி மதிப்பீடு^[1]	இடம்	ஆரம்பம்	முடிவு	நீடித்த காலம் (ஆண்டுகள்)	குறிப்புகள்
இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்	1,58,43,000^[2]	11,83,57,000^[3]	3,66,96,798	உலகம் முழுவதும்	1939	1945	&0000000000000006.0300006 வருடங்கள் மற்றும் 1 நாள்
மங்கோலியப் படையெடுப்புகள்	3,00,00,000^[4]	4,00,00,000^{[சான்று தேவை]}	3,46,41,016	ஐரோவாசியா	1206	1368	163	மங்கோலியப் பேரரசு
ஐரோப்பியர்களின் அமெரிக்கக் காலனித்துவம்	84,00,000^[5]	13,80,00,000^[6]	3,40,47,026	அமெரிக்கக் கண்டங்கள்	1492	1691	199	கொலம்பஸ் காலத்திற்கு முந்தைய அமெரிக்கக் கண்டங்களின் மக்கள் தொகையைச் சரியாகக் கணிக்க முடியாத காரணத்தால் இறந்தவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை மதிப்பீடு வேறுபடுகிறது.^[a]

குறிப்புகள்

↑ Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."^[7] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.^[8] They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."^[7]

உசாத்துணை

↑ Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J.A. Tenreiro (2014), Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro (eds.), "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards", Mathematical Methods in Engineering, Springer Netherlands: 173–180, எண்ணிம ஆவணச் சுட்டி:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16, பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-94-007-7182-6
↑ Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 775. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-1-59077-526-4.
↑ Fink, George (2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-12-381382-4.
↑ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, pg. 622, cited by White
↑ "Pre-Columbian Population" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2018-10-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
↑ American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015, pg. 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. October 29, 2002.
↑ Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; pg. 79; பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 9780521617444

[9] Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."^[7] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.^[8] They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."^[7]

[Pinto_2014_173–180-1] Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J.A. Tenreiro (2014), Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro (eds.), "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards", Mathematical Methods in Engineering, Springer Netherlands: 173–180, எண்ணிம ஆவணச் சுட்டி:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16, பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-94-007-7182-6

[Nash-2] Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 775. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-1-59077-526-4.

[Fink-3] Fink, George (2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-12-381382-4.

[White-4] The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, pg. 622, cited by White

[BXScience-5] "Pre-Columbian Population" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2018-10-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[American_Philosophy_1491-6] American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015, pg. 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."

[NYT3-7] 7.0 ^7.1 "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. October 29, 2002.

[8] Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; pg. 79; பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 9780521617444

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