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fyg;G tpij cw;gj;jp El;gq;fs; Ra kfue;j gaph;fspy; fyg;gpid tpij cw;gj;jp 1. mhprp fyg;G tpij cw;gj;jp mhpg;gpy; fyg;gpd tPhpak; Kjd;Kjyhf N[hd;]; (1926) %yk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J irl;Nlhgpshs;kpf; Mz; kyl;Lj;jd;ikiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fyg;gpd mhprp cw;gj;jpiag; gw;wp Clfq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ. ngUk;ghyhd INghdpf;fh mhprhp rhjhuz irl;Nlhgpshrk; cs;sJ. Mdhy;> ,d;bfh tiffs; fl;Lg;ghlw;w irl;Nlhgpshrk; kw;Wk; fUTWjy; kPsg;ig Kiw fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sJ. fyg;G mhprp tpij cw;gj;jp nghUshjhu uPjpahf rhj;jpakhtjw;F FWf;F kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if %yk; NghJkhd tpijfis ngWtjpy; rpukq;fis vjph;nfhs;s Nehpl;lJ. “UNDP/FAO jpl;lk;” ,e;jpahtpy; i`g;hpl; mhprp njhopy; El;gj;jpd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; gad;ghL vd;wiof;fg;gLk; - fyg;gpd ney; cw;gj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; xU ntw;wpfukhd fij. fyg;gpd mhprp tpijfs; %d;W thpir Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. Rf1 kw;Wk; Rf2 Mfpa ,uz;Lk; fUTWjy; kPl;lYf;F nghWg;Gila ,U kugZf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. fyg;gpd mhprp tpijfs; cw;gj;jpapy; nray;Kiw Ntshz; tsHr;rpf;fhd irl;Nlhgpsh];kpf; Mz; kykLj;jfL (A), fuhkhpg;ghsh; thp (B) kw;Wk; fUTWjy; kWRow;rp (R) Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHr;rpahd tpepNahfj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ. A thp my;yJ vk;.vk;.thp : ,J xU Mz; kyl;L tisitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. xU thp vg;NghJk; xU fyg;G tpij cw;gj;jpapy; ngz; ngw;Nwhuhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

B thp my;yJ guhkhpg;ghsh; thpir : ,e;j NfhL xU thpapd; kyl;Lj;jd;ikia guhkhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. B thp vd;gJ tisT epiyf;Fj; jtpu vy;h Fzhjpraq;fSf;Fk; xNu khjphpahd xU thpapd; mNahn[dpf; MFk;.

R thpir kw;Wk; fUTWjy; kPsikj;jy; : thpapy cs;s tsj;ij kPsikf;Fk; kWRow;rp thpirahf mwpag;gLfpwJ. A × R NfhLfs; ,ilNa flf;Fk; th;j;jf kjpg;Gs;s F1 tskhd fyg;gpd tpijapy; tpisfpwJ.

guhkhpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; Gduikg;G NfhLfs; Rakhf guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. CMS NfhL kw;Wk; F1 tpijfs; taypy; FWf;F kfue;jr; Nrjj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kaw;rpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. F kw;Wk; S vd;gJ tskhd kw;Wk; kyl;Lj;jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Rf kw;Wk; rf Mfpait fUTWjy; kw;Wk; kWgpwg;G kugZf;fs; MfpaitahFk;.

thpir tpfpjk; kw;Wk; gpujhd Jiwapy; V kw;Wk; MH thpfspd; ,ilntsp. MH MH V V V V V V V V MH MH 0 0 * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * 0 0 15 nr.kP --- 15 nr.kP----- * * * * * 0 0 0 0 30 nr.kP 30 nr.kP * * * * * 0 0 (Mz; : ngz; tpfpjk; = 2:8)

fyg;G ney; tpij cw;gj;jpapd; ,iz El;gk; xU ntw;wpfukhd fyg;gpd mhprp cw;gj;jpf;F gpd;tUk; Gs;spfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. 1. Gyk; NjHT : tskhd kz;> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ePHg;ghrdk; kw;Wk; tbfhy; mikg;G> NghJkhd #hpa xsp> fLikahd Neha;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rp gpur;rpidfs; ,y;iy. 2. jdpikg; gLj;jy; : fyg;gpd tpij J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w kfue;jk; %yk; kfue;jj;ijj; jtph;g;gJ> jdpikg;gLj;jy; mtrpak;. a. ,ilntsp jdpikg;gLj;jy; : 100 kPl;lh; njhiytpy; kfue;jk; ngw;Nwhh; jtpu NtnwhU mhprp tiffSk; tsuf;$lhJ. b. Neuk; jdpikg;gLj;jy; : 20 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw eilKiwapy; (100 kPl;lh; tuk;gpy; kw;w tiffsps; jiyg;G epiy 20 ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; my;yJ mjw;F gpwF MS thpapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.) c. jilaw;w jdpikg;gLj;jpfs; : kuk; epiwa Nghd;w capHf;Nfhs mk;rq;fs;> 2 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F Nky; (gpsh];bf; jhs;) 30 kp.kP/ nraw;if jilfs; njhiytpy; cs;s caukhd gaph;fs;.

   3 	jiyg;G kw;;;Wk; G+Fk; rpwe;j Neuk;

,aw;ifahd G+f;fSf;F rhjfkhd fhyepiy epiyfs;: i. ntg;gepiy 24-28 bfphp nry;rpa]; ii. <ug;gjk; 70-80% iii. ehs; kw;Wk; ,uT ntg;gepiy NtWghL 8-10 bfphp nry;rpa]; iv. NghJkhd #hpa xsp v. NghJkhd fhw;W.

   4	G+f;Fk; xj;jpirT

MS thpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l tpij FWf;F kfue;jk; rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ngw;Nwhhpd; jiyg;G Njjp xj;jpirf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpak;. $Ljyhf> kfue;j fg;iy Neuj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;fhf Mz; ngw;Nwhh; tOf;fkhf 5-7 ehl;fspd; ,ilntspapy; ,UKiw my;;yJ %d;W Kiw tpijf;fpwhh;fs;.

     5 thpir tpfpjk;> thpir jpirad; kw;Wk; elTKiw

thpir tpfpjk;> Mz; ngw;Nwhh;> fyg;G tpij cw;gj;jp Jiwapy; ngz; ngw;Nwhhpd; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. thpir tpfpjk; mikg;ig rhh;e;Js;sJ. i. Mh; thpirapy; tsh;r;rp fhyk;. ii. Mh; thpirapy; tsh;r;rp tPhpak;. iii. kfue;jk; nfhl;lir msT kw;Wk; iv. Mh; Nfhl;bd; msT kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; mlq;Fk;  Mh; NfhL toq;Ftjw;F NghJkhd kfue;jk; ,Uf;F Ntz;Lk;.  thpirapd; jpirahdJ FWJf;F kfue;jj;ij vspjhf;Ftjw;T> Nkilapy; jiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk; fhw;W jpirapy; fpl;lj;jkl nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.  eilKiwapy; 2:8 vd;w xU thpir tpfpjk; ,uz;bfh fyg;G tpij cw;gj;jpapy; gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.  nghJthf> Mh; thpir 15Kjy;15nr.kP. ,ilntspap> Miyf;F 30nr.kP ,ilntspapy; ,Ue;J kWkyh;r;rpf;F kw;nwhU (MS NfL xd;Wf;F xU ,uz;L ehw;Wfis kyuitf;f Ntz;Lk;.  NkYk; tpij kf#iyg; ngWtjw;F xU ey;y kf;fs; njhl;b fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJk;. (m) ehw;W/kiy (M) kiyfs;/rJu mthp=1-2 mthp=30 Mh;thp=2-3 Mh;thp=5

(,) gads;s gaph; rhFgb 1rJu mthp=300 Mh;thp=120

,uz;L thpir ,dg;ngUf;fk; ed;ikfs;:  guhkhhpg;ghsh; thp Njit ,y;iy> fyg;G tsh;r;rpf;F vspJ.  ve;j kugZitAk; Mz; ngw;Nwhh; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mJ Gj;Japh; kugZf;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ mtrpak; ,y;iy. vdNt `Pl;Nlhbf; fy;gpsq;fspd; tsh;r;rpapd; tha;g;Gfs; nghpJk; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.  ];nlyypl;b J}Zljy; irl;Nlhgpsh]; njhlh;Gila vjph;kiw tpisTfs; jtph;f;fg;gl;lNtz;Lk;.  tpij cw;gj;jp jpl;lk; vspa kw;Wk; kpfTk; jpwikahdJ.  gNahBrpf; fyg;gpdq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd> ngw;Nwh;fspd; Njh;T nghpJk; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.  WA ,d; xw;Wik irl;Nlhgpsh]; epiyik jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

TMGS/PGMS NfhLfspd; tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;Gfs; 1. EMGS thpfspd; vz;zpf;if 1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jdpj;jdp jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; cUtop vOj;Jfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; rPuhd ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. MS jhtuq;fspd; rjtpfpjk; 100 rjtpfpjk; ,Uf;F Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Mz; kyl;Lj;jd;ikapd; msT (KwpT kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if) 99.5 rjtpfpjk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. fUTWjy; kw;Wk; Neh;khwhf tsj;ij khw;WtJ kpfTk; njspthfTk;>. jdpj;JtkhfTk; ,Uf;F Ntz;Lk;. 4. Mz; tapw;Wf;fhyk; 30f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehl;fSf;F Nky; ePbf;f Ntz;Lk;. fUTWjy; fhyj;jpy; tpij mikj;jy; 30% f;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;F Ntz;Lk;. 5. kyr;rpf;fy; fl;lj;jpd;NghJ ntspNaWjy; rjtpfpjk; ‘A” NfhLfis tpl Fisthf ,Uf;F $lhJ.