செல்யூக் பேரரசு: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிப்பீடியாவில் இருந்து.
உள்ளடக்கம் நீக்கப்பட்டது உள்ளடக்கம் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது
சி Quick-adding category "1037 நிகழ்வுகள்" (using HotCat)
வரிசை 51: வரிசை 51:
==மேற்கோள்கள்==
==மேற்கோள்கள்==
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==உசாத்துணைகள்==
*{{Cite book |last=Previte-Orton |first=C. W. |year=1971 |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*{{Cite book |first=G. E. |last=Tetley |title=The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History |location= |publisher=Abingdon |year=2008 |isbn=9780415431194 }}

*[http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=Seljuk_empire All Empires Online History Community: The Seljuk Empire]



[[பகுப்பு:துருக்கி]]
[[பகுப்பு:துருக்கி]]
[[பகுப்பு:இசுலாமிய பேரரசுகள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:இசுலாமிய பேரரசுகள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:1037 நிகழ்வுகள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:1037 நிகழ்வுகள்]]

{{Link GA|pl}}
[[ar:الدولة السلجوقية]]
[[az:Səlcuqlar]]
[[bs:Seldžuci]]
[[bg:Селджуци]]
[[ca:Imperi Seljúcida]]
[[cs:Seldžucká říše]]
[[de:Seldschuken]]
[[el:Σελτζούκοι]]
[[eo:Turko-Selĝukoj]]
[[fa:سلجوقیان]]
[[fr:Seldjoukides]]
[[fy:Seltsjoeken]]
[[ko:셀주크 제국]]
[[hr:Seldžuci]]
[[it:Selgiuchidi]]
[[he:סלג'וקים]]
[[ka:სელჩუკთა სახელმწიფო]]
[[ku:Selçûqî]]
[[lv:Lielā Seldžuku impērija]]
[[lt:Seldžiukai]]
[[hu:Szeldzsuk törökök]]
[[mk:Селџукска империја]]
[[ml:സെൽജ്യൂക്ക് സാമ്രാജ്യം]]
[[arz:سلاجقه]]
[[ms:Empayar Seljuq]]
[[nl:Seltsjoeken]]
[[ja:セルジューク朝]]
[[no:Seldsjukkene]]
[[nn:Seldsjukkar]]
[[pl:Wielcy Seldżucy]]
[[pt:Império Seljúcida]]
[[ro:Selgiucizi]]
[[ru:Сельджуки]]
[[fi:Seldžukkien valtakunta]]
[[sv:Seldjuker]]
[[tr:Büyük Selçuklu Devleti]]
[[tk:Seljuklar]]
[[ur:سلجوقی سلطنت]]
[[fiu-vro:Seldžuki impeerium]]
[[zh:塞尔柱帝国]]

05:50, 29 திசம்பர் 2010 இல் நிலவும் திருத்தம்


دولت سلجوقیان
Dawlat-i Saljūqiān
செல்யூக் பேரரசு
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti
(துருக்கிய பேரரசு)
1037–1194
1969ஆம் ஆண்டு துருக்கிய தொலைக்காட்சி நிறுவனத்தால் துருக்கிய வரலாறு நிகழ்ச்சியில் வெளியான சர்ச்சைக்குட்பட்ட கொடி [1]
மாலிக் ஷா I இறந்த 1092ஆம் ஆண்டு செல்யூக் பேரரசு உச்சத்தில் இருந்தபோது [2]
மாலிக் ஷா I இறந்த 1092ஆம் ஆண்டு செல்யூக் பேரரசு உச்சத்தில் இருந்தபோது [2]
தலைநகரம்நிஷாபூர்
ஷேர்-இ-ரே,ஈரான்
இஸ்ஃபாஃகான்
பேசப்படும் மொழிகள்
  • பாரசீக மொழி (அலுவலக அரசவை மொழி)[3][4][5]
  • அராபி (கல்வியாளர் மொழி[3] சமயம் மற்றும் கல்வி[5])
  • ஓகுசு துருக்கிய மொழி (ஓகுசு மக்களின் மற்றும் இராணுவத்தின் மொழி)[5]
அரசாங்கம்முடியாட்சி
சுல்தான் 
• 1037 - 1063
துக்ருல் பெக் (முதலாவது)
• 1174–1194
துக்ருல் III (கடைசி)[6][7]
வரலாறு 
• துக்ருல் பெக் இராச்சிய அமைப்பை உருவாக்கியது
1037
• கவாரெசிமியன் பேரரசால் பெயர்க்கப்பட்டது[8]
1194
பரப்பு
1080 மதிப்பு.3,900,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)
முந்தையது
பின்னையது
Ghaznavid Empire
Khwarezmian Empire
Sultanate of Rûm
Ayyubid dynasty
Atabegs of Azerbaijan
Burid dynasty
Zengid dynasty
Danishmends
Artuqid dynasty
Saltuklu
தற்போதைய பகுதிகள் ஆப்கானித்தான்
 ஆர்மீனியா
 அசர்பைஜான்
 ஈரான்
 ஈராக்
 இசுரேல்
 யோர்தான்
 கசக்கஸ்தான்
 கிர்கிசுத்தான்
 லெபனான்
 ஓமான்
 சிரியா
 தஜிகிஸ்தான்
 துருக்கி
 துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்
 ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்
 உஸ்பெகிஸ்தான்

மாபெரும் செல்யூக் பேரரசு (Great Seljuq Empire) (பாரசீக மொழி: دولت سلجوقیانஅரபு மொழி: الدولة السلجوقية‎) இடைக்காலத்தில் விளங்கிய ஓர் துருக்கி-பாரசீக[9][10][11][12][13][14] சுன்னி இசுலாமியப் பேரரசு ஆகும்.ஓகுசு துருக்கியர்களின் (Oghuz Turks) கிளை இராச்சிய மொன்றிலிருந்து உருவானது.[15] செல்யூக் பேரரசின் ஆட்சியின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் கிழக்கே இந்துகுஷ் முதல் அனத்தோலியா வரையும் மத்திய ஆசியாவிலிருந்து பாரசீக வளைகுடாவரையும் பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பு இருந்தது. தங்கள் உறைவிடமான ஏரல் கடல் பகுதியிலிருந்து முதலில் கோராசன் எனப்படும் வடக்கு ஈரான் பகுதியைப் பிடித்து பின்னர் பாரசீகத்தை ஆட்கொண்டு இறுதியில் கிழக்கு அனத்தோலியா வரை முன்னேறினார்கள்.

செல்யூக் வம்சத்தின் செல்யூக் பெக் நிறுவ முயன்ற செல்யூக் பேரரசு அவரது மகன் துக்ருல் பெக் காலத்தில் 1037ஆம் ஆண்டு அமைக்கப்பட்டது.செல்யூக்கினர் பிளவுபட்டிருந்த கிழக்கு இசுலாமிய உலகை ஒற்றுமைப்படுத்தி முதலாம் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் சிலுவைப் போர்களில் முக்கியப் பங்காற்றினர். மிகவும் பாரசீக தாக்கம் கொண்ட [9][10][11][12] பண்பாட்டையும்[16][17][18]மொழியையும்[9][19][20][21][22] பாவித்த செல்யூக்கர்கள் துருக்கிய-பாரசீக மரபை [23] வளர்த்தெடுத்தனர்.

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız, "16 Devlet Masalı ve Uydurma Bayraklar" (16 State tales and fake flags), Ötüken , 65. sayı, 1969.
  2. Black, Jeremy (2005). The Atlas of World History. Covent Garden Books. பக். 65, 228. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:9780756618612. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 Savory, R. M. and Roger Savory, Introduction to Islamic civilisation, (Cambridge University Press, 1976 ), 82.
  4. Black, Edwin, Banking on Baghdad: inside Iraq's 7,000-year history of war, profit and conflict, (John Wiley and sons, 2004), 38.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)
  6. A New General Biographical Dictionary, Vol.2, Ed. Hugh James Rose, (London, 1853), 214.
  7. Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.
  8. Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988),159,161; In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  10. 10.0 10.1 Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399
  11. 11.0 11.1 Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79
  12. 12.0 12.1 Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
  13. Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "..renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  14. Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire; By Wendy M. K. Shaw; Published by University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 0520233352, 9780520233355; p. 5.
    • Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies) 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75. 
    • Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi. Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299-313.
    • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
    • Hancock, I. (2006). ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
    • Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
    • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
  15. C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
  16. Mehmed Fuad Koprulu's, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff , Routledge, 2006, pg 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local, i.e. non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount. The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazlra and Syria - indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India — also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dln Kai-Qubad I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought - in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. {Before coming to Anatolia,} the Turkmens had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that thev had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkmenistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al-Din Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Ka us, and Kai-Qubad; and that. Ala' al-Din Kai-Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact {i.e. the importance of Persian influence} is undeniable. With- regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."
  17. Stephen P. Blake, "Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639-1739". Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Pesianized and Islamicized"
  18. O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  19. Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  20. M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp. 157-69
  21. F. Daftary, Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
  22. "The Turko-Persian tradition "features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers"." See Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers.

உசாத்துணைகள்

வார்ப்புரு:Link GA

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