பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

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| image = Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg
| image = Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg
| caption = பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்
| caption = பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்
| succession = [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[தாலமி வம்சம்]] [[தாலமிப் பேரரசு|பேரரசர்]]
| succession = [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[தாலமி வம்சம்|தாலமி வம்ச]] [[தாலமிப் பேரரசு|பேரரசர்]]
| reign = [[கிமு]] 80–58
| reign = [[கிமு]] 80–58
| coronation = [[கிமு]] 76, [[மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து |மெம்பிஸ்]]
| coronation = [[கிமு]] 76, [[மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து |மெம்பிஸ்]]
வரிசை 25: வரிசை 25:
| place of burial=
| place of burial=
}}
}}
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'''பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி''' ('''Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Philopator Philadelphos''') ({{lang-grc-koi|Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος}}, {{lang|grc-latn|Ptolemaĩos Néos Diónysos}}; {{[[கிமு]] 117}} – [[கிமு]] 51) [[எலனியக் காலம்|எலனியக் காலத்தில்]] [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[பிந்தைய கால எகிப்திய இராச்சியம்| பிந்தைய கால எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை]] ஆண்ட கிரேக்க [[தாலமி வம்சம்|தாலமி வம்சத்தின்]] 12ஆம் [[தாலமிப் பேரரசு|பேரரசர்]] மற்றும் [[பார்வோன்]] ஆவார். இவர் எகிப்தை [[கிமு]] 80 முதல் 58 முடிய 38 ஆண்டுகள் [[ஆட்சிக் காலம்|ஆட்சி]] செய்தார். இவரது பட்டத்தரசி ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா ஆவார். இவரது குழந்தைகள் பெரனீஸ் IV, [[ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா]], அர்சினோ IV, [[பதிமூன்றாம் தாலமி]] மற்றும் [[பதிநான்காம் தாலமி]] ஆவார்.


[[File:Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - Egypt-14A-024.jpg|thumb|எகிப்தின் ஃபாயூமில் நகரத்தின் உள்ள முதலை கோவிலில் பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்]]
==Background and early life==
[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes - 185.jpg|thumb| கோம் ஓம்போவில் உள்ள இரட்டை கோயிலிலில் பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்]]
[[File:PtolemyIX-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|thumb|Bust of [[Ptolemy IX Soter]].]]
[[File:Edfu Temple 9609.JPG|thumb|[[எட்ஃபூ கோயில்|எட்ஃபூ கோயிலில்]] பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி, எதிரிகளைத் தாக்கும் சிற்பம்]]
[[File:Mithridates VI Louvre.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]].]]
Ptolemy XII was the oldest son of [[Ptolemy IX Soter]]. The identity of his mother is uncertain. Ptolemy IX was married twice, to his sister [[Cleopatra IV]] from around 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to another sister [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]] from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC. However, [[Cicero]] and other ancient sources refer to Ptolemy XII as an [[legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] son; [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Pompeius Trogus]] called him a "[[:wikt:nothus|nothos]]" (bastard), while [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote that Ptolemy IX had no legitimate sons at all.<ref>[[Cicero]] ''Agr.'' 2.42; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 1.9.3</ref>{{sfn|Sullivan|1990|p= 92}} Some scholars have therefore proposed that his mother was a concubine – probably an [[Hellenistic Greeks|Alexandrian Greek]],<ref name="DH">Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}</ref><ref>Ernle Bradford, ''Classic Biography: Cleopatra'' (Toronto: The Penguin Groups, 2000), p. 28.</ref>{{sfnp|Lefkowitz|1997|pp=44–45, 50}}{{sfnp|Schiff|2011|pp=24}} but possibly a member of the Egyptian elite.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=222}}{{sfn|Huß|1990|p=203}}<ref group="note">{{harvtxt|Lefkowtiz|1997|}} [[Mary Lefkowitz]] rejects the notion of an Egyptian mother to Ptolemy XII. Afrocentric claims that Cleopatra's paternal grandmother was a black Egyptian woman contend that is why Cleopatra spoke Egyptian. Lefkowitz notes, however, that if Cleopatra's paternal grandmother had been Egyptian, it would have been more likely Ptolemy XII was the first speaker of the Egyptian language, instead of his daughter Cleopatra.</ref> However, Chris Bennett argues that Ptolemy XII's mother was Cleopatra IV and that he was considered illegitimate simply because she had never been co-regent.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=46}} This theory is endorsed by the historian [[Adrian Goldsworthy]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2011|pp=69–70}}


⚫
'''பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி''' ('''Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Philopator Philadelphos''') ({{lang-grc-koi|Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Διόνυσος}}, {{lang|grc-latn|Ptolemaĩos Néos Diónysos}}; {{[[கிமு]] 117}} – [[கிமு]] 51) [[எலனியக் காலம்|எலனியக் காலத்தில்]] [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[பிந்தைய கால எகிப்திய இராச்சியம்| பிந்தைய கால எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை]] ஆண்ட கிரேக்க [[தாலமி வம்சம்|தாலமி வம்சத்தின்]] 12ஆம் [[தாலமிப் பேரரசு|பேரரசர்]] மற்றும் [[பார்வோன்]] ஆவார். இவர் எகிப்தை [[கிமு]] 80 முதல் 58 முடிய 38 ஆண்டுகள் [[ஆட்சிக் காலம்|ஆட்சி]] செய்தார். இவரது பட்டத்தரசி ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா ஆவார். இவரது குழந்தைகள் பெரனீஸ் IV, [[ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா]], அர்சினோ IV, [[பதிமூன்றாம் தாலமி]] மற்றும் [[பதிநான்காம் தாலமி]] ஆவார்.
The date of Ptolemy XII's birth is thus uncertain.{{sfn|Stanwick|2010|p=60}} If he was the son of Cleopatra IV, he was probably born around 117 BC and followed around a year later by a brother, known as [[Ptolemy of Cyprus]]. In 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was governor of [[Cyprus]], but in 116 BC his father [[Ptolemy VIII]] died and he returned to Alexandria, becoming the junior co-regent of his grandmother [[Cleopatra II]] and his mother [[Cleopatra III]]. Cleopatra II died in 115 BC and shortly afterwards Cleopatra III forced Ptolemy IX to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, who was sent off to marry the [[Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus]]. She was murdered by his rival in 114 BC. Ptolemy IX meanwhile had been remarried to Cleopatra Selene, with whom he had a daughter, [[Berenice III]].{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=206-207}} By 109 BC, Ptolemy IX had begun the process of introducing Ptolemy XII to public life. In that year, Ptolemy XII served as the Priest of Alexander and Ptolemaic kings (an office which Ptolemy IX otherwise held himself throughout his reign) and had a festival established in his honour in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]].<ref>''[[Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum|SEG]]'' IX.5.</ref><ref name=CBP12>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy IX|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_ix_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Relations between Ptolemy IX and his mother deteriorated. In 107 BC she forced him to flee Alexandria for Cyprus and replaced him as co-regent with his younger brother [[Ptolemy X Alexander]].{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=206-207}} [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] mentions that Ptolemy IX left two sons behind when he fled Alexandria.<ref>Justin ''Epitome of the Philippic History'' 39.4</ref> Chris Bennett argues that these sons should be identified as Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=46}}


Ptolemy IX made an attempt to reclaim the Ptolemaic throne in 103 BC, by invading [[Judaea]]. At the start of this war, Cleopatra III sent her grandsons to the island of [[Kos]] along with her treasure in order to protect them.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 13.13.1</ref>{{sfn|Whitehorne|1994|p=139}} There, Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus seem to have been captured by [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] in 88 BC, at the outbreak of the [[First Mithridatic War]].<ref name=CBP12/>{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=211-213}} Ironically, their father had reclaimed the Egyptian throne around the same time. They were held by Mithridates as hostages until 80 BC. At some point during this period, probably in 81 or 80 BC, they were engaged to two of Mithridates' daughters, Mithridatis and Nyssa.<ref>[[Appian]], ''Mithridatica'' 16.111</ref> Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX died in December 81 BC and was succeeded by Berenice III. In April 80 BC, [[Ptolemy XI Alexander II]], the son of Ptolemy X, was installed as her co-regent, promptly murdered her, and was himself killed by an angry Alexandrian mob. The Alexandrians then summoned Ptolemy XII to return to Egypt and assume the kingship; his brother became king of Cyprus, where he would reign until 58 BC.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=222}}{{sfn|Bradford|2000|p=33}}{{sfn|Roller|2010|p=17}}

==First reign (80–58 BC)==
[[File:Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - Egypt-14A-024.jpg|thumb|Egyptian-style statue of Ptolemy XII found at the Temple of the Crocodile in [[Fayoum]], Egypt.]]

On his arrival in Alexandria, in April 80 BC, Ptolemy XII was proclaimed king. His reign was officially dated as having begun on the death of his father in 81 BC, thereby eliding the reigns of Berenice III and Ptolemy X. Shortly after his accession, Ptolemy married [[Cleopatra V of Egypt|Cleopatra Tryphaena]].{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=222-223}} Her parentage is uncertain – modern scholarship often interprets her as a sister,{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=222-223}} but Christopher Bennett argues that she was a daughter of Ptolemy X.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=39}} The couple became co-regents and they were incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult together as the ''Theoi Philopatores kai Philadelphoi'' (Father-loving and Sibling-loving Gods). This title was probably meant to reinforce Ptolemy XII's claim to the throne in the face of claims that his parentage meant that he was an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX and therefore not entitled to rule.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=222-223}}

In 76 BC, the [[High Priest of Ptah]] in [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] died and Ptolemy XII travelled to Memphis to appoint his fourteen-year-old son, [[Pasherienptah III]], as the new High Priest. In turn, Pasherienptah III crowned Ptolemy as [[Pharaoh]] and then went to Alexandria, where he was appointed as Ptolemy XII's 'prophet'. These encounters are described in detail on Pasherienptah's funerary stela, ''Stele BM 866'', and they demonstrate the extremely close and mutually reinforcing relationship that had developed between the Ptolemaic kings and the Memphite priesthood by this date.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=222-223}}

In August 69 BC, Cleopatra V ceases to be mentioned as co-regent. The images of her that had been carved on the main [[Pylon (architecture)|pylon]] of the [[Temple of Edfu|Temple of Horus]] at [[Edfu]] were covered over at this time. The reason for this sudden shift is unknown, but presumably she was divorced at this time.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=222-223}} Ptolemy adopted a new royal epithet ''Neos Dionysos'' (New Dionysus) at some time after this; Chris Bennett proposes that the epithet was linked to the break with Cleopatra.<ref name=CBP12/>

===Relations with Rome===
[[File:Pompey the Great.jpg|thumb|[[Pompey]], Ptolemy XII's key ally in Rome.]]
[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes - 185.jpg|thumb|Relief of Ptolemy XII from the [[Temple of Kom Ombo|double temple at Kom Ombo]].]]
[[File:Edfu Temple 9609.JPG|thumb|First [[pylon (architecture)|pylon]] at [[Edfu]] [[Temple of Edfu|Temple]], which Ptolemy XII decorated with figures of himself smiting the enemy.]]
When Ptolemy X had died in 88 BC, his will had left Egypt to Rome in the event that he had no surviving heirs. Although the Romans had not acted on this, the possibility that they might forced the following Ptolemies to adopt a careful and respectful policy towards Rome.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=223-224}}{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=307}} Ptolemy XII continued this pro-Roman policy in order to protect himself and secure his dynasty's fate. Egypt came under increasing Roman pressure nevertheless. In 65 BC, the [[Roman censor]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] proposed that Rome annex Egypt.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Life of Crassus'' 13.2</ref> This proposal failed in the face of opposition from [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus]] and [[Cicero]]. In light of this crisis, however, Ptolemy XII began to expend significant resources on bribing Roman politicians to support his interests. In 63 BC, when [[Pompey]] was reorganising Syria and Anatolia following his victory in the [[Third Mithridatic War]], Ptolemy sought to form a relationship with Pompey by sending him a golden crown. Ptolemy also provided pay and maintenance for 8,000 cavalry to Pompey for his war with [[Judaea]]. He also asked Pompey to come to Alexandria and help to put down a revolt which had apparently broken out in Egypt; Pompey refused.<ref>[[Appian]], ''Mithridatica'' 114; [[Josephus]], ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 14.35</ref>{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=223-224}}{{sfn|Bradford|2000|p=35}}

The money required for these bribes was enormous. Initially, Ptolemy XII funded them by raising taxes. A strike by farmers of royal land in [[Herakleopolis]] which is attested in a papyrus document from 61/60 BC has been interpreted as a sign of widespread discontent with this taxation. Increasingly, Ptolemy XII also had recourse to loans from Roman bankers, such as [[Gaius Rabirius Postumus]]. This gave the Romans even more leverage over his regime and meant that the fate of Egypt became an increasingly immediate issue in Roman politics.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=223-224}}

Finally, in 60 BC, Ptolemy XII travelled to Rome, where the [[First Triumvirate]], composed of Pompey, Crassus, and [[Julius Caesar]], had just taken power, in order to negotiate official recognition of his kingship. Ptolemy paid Pompey and Caesar six thousand [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] – an enormous sum, equivalent to the total annual revenue of Egypt.<ref>[[Suetonius]] ''Life of Julius Caesar'' 54.3</ref> In return, a formal alliance or ''foedus'' was formed. The [[Roman Senate]] recognised Ptolemy as king and Caesar passed a law that added Ptolemy to the list of friends and allies of the people of Rome (''amici et socii populi Romani'') in 59 BC.<ref>[[Caesar]] ''[[Commentarii de Bello Civili|Bellum Civile]]'' 3.107; [[Cicero]], ''Pro Rabirio Postumo'' 3; Cicero, ''Letter to Atticus'' 2.16.2</ref>{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=316}}{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=225-226}}
In 58 BC, the Romans [[Roman Cyprus|took control of Cyprus]], causing its ruler, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide.{{sfn|Roller|2010|p=22}} Ptolemy XII took no action in response to his brother's death and Cyprus remained a Roman province until returned to Ptolemaic control by Julius Caesar in 48 BC.{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=226-227}}

==Exile in Rome (58–55 BC)==
{{further|Early life of Cleopatra}}
The bribery policy had been unpopular in Egypt for a long time, both because of its obsequiousness and because of the heavy tax burden that it entailed, but the annexation of Cyprus demonstrated its failure and enraged the people of Alexandria. The courtiers in Alexandria forced Ptolemy to step down from the thone and leave Egypt.<ref>[[Cassius Dio]] 39.12; [[Plutarch]], ''Life of Pompey'' 49.7.</ref> He was replaced by his daughter Berenice IV, who ruled jointly with Cleopatra Tryphaena, who is probably Ptolemy XII's former wife but may be an otherwise unattested daughter. Following Cleopatra Tryphaena's death a year later, Berenice ruled alone from 57 to 56 BC.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=324}}{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=226-227}}

[[File:Denier à l'effigie de Pompée.jpg|thumb|left|A [[denarius]] of Pompey minted 49–48 BC]]
Taking his daughter Cleopatra with him, Ptolemy fled for the safety of Rome.{{sfn|Bradford|2000|p=37}} On the way, he stopped in [[Rhodes]] where the exiled [[Cato the Younger]] offered him advice on how to approach the Roman aristocracy, but no tangible support. In Rome, Ptolemy XII prosecuted his restitution but met opposition from certain members of the Senate. His old ally Pompey housed the exiled king and his daughter and argued on behalf of Ptolemy's restoration in the Senate.<ref>[[Strabo]] ''Geography'' 17.1.11; [[Cassius Dio]] 39.14.3</ref>{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|pp=226–227}} During this time, Roman creditors realized that they would not get the return on their loans to the king without his restoration.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=323}} In 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public forced the Senate's decision to restore Ptolemy. However, Rome did not wish to invade Egypt to restore the king, since the [[Sibylline books]] stated that if an Egyptian king asked for help and Rome proceeded with military intervention, great dangers and difficulties would occur.{{sfn|Bradford|2000|pp=39–40}}

Egyptians heard rumours of Rome's possible intervention and disliked the idea of their exiled king's return. The Roman historian [[Cassius Dio]] wrote that a group of one hundred men were sent as envoys from Egypt to make their case to the Romans against Ptolemy XII's restoration. Ptolemy seemingly had their leader [[Dio of Alexandria]] poisoned and most of the other protesters killed before they reached Rome.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=325}}

==Restoration and second reign (55–51 BC)==
{{further|Early life of Cleopatra|Reign of Cleopatra}}
[[File:Ptolemy xii.png|thumb|upright|Rare [[drachma]] of Ptolemy XII minted at [[Paphos]], [[History of Cyprus|Cyprus]] in 53 BC,{{sfn|Svoronos|1904|loc=vol. I-II, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv1v2sbor/page/302|p=302]] (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv3v4sbor/page/n127|plate LXI]], n°22, 23.}} depicting him instead of [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy I]]]]
[[File:Cleopatra VII, dalla via appia tra ariccia e genzano, 40-30 ac ca. 02.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Roman portraiture|Roman bust]] of [[Cleopatra VII]], [[Altes Museum]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin]]]]
In 55 BC, Ptolemy paid [[Aulus Gabinius]] 10,000 talents to invade Egypt and so recovered his throne. Gabinius defeated the Egyptian frontier forces, marched to Alexandria, and attacked the palace, where the palace guards surrendered without fighting.{{sfn|Bradford|2000|p=43}} The exact date of Ptolemy XII's restoration is unknown; the earliest possible date of restoration was 4 January 55 BC and the latest possible date was 24 June the same year. Upon regaining power, Ptolemy acted against Berenice, and along with her supporters, she was executed. Ptolemy XII maintained his grip on power in Alexandria with the assistance of around two thousand Roman soldiers and mercenaries, known as the [[Gabiniani]]. This arrangement enabled Rome to exert power over Ptolemy, who ruled until he fell ill in 51 BC.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=338}} On 31 May 52 BC his daughter Cleopatra VII was named as his coregent.{{sfn|Roller|2010|p=27}}

At the moment of Ptolemy XII's restoration, Roman creditors demanded the repayment of their loans, but the Alexandrian treasury could not repay the king's debt. Learning from previous mistakes, Ptolemy XII shifted popular resentment of tax increases from himself to a Roman, his main creditor [[Gaius Rabirius Postumus]], whom he appointed ''[[dioiketes]]'' (minister of finance), and so in charge of debt repayment. Perhaps Gabinius had also put pressure on Ptolemy XII to appoint Rabirius, who now had direct access to the financial resources of Egypt but exploited the land too much. The king had to imprison Rabirius to protect his life from the angry people, then allowed him to escape. Rabirius immediately left Egypt and went back to Rome at the end of 54 BC. There he was accused ''de repetundis'', but defended by [[Cicero]] and probably acquitted.<ref>Cicero.</ref>{{sfn|Huß|2001|pp=696–697}} Ptolemy also permitted a debasing of the coinage as an attempt to repay the loans. Near the end of Ptolemy's reign, the value of Egyptian coinage dropped to about fifty per cent of its value at the beginning of his first reign.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|pp=332–334}}

Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC.{{sfn|Roller|2010|pp=53, 56}} His will stipulated that Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy XIII should rule Egypt together. To safeguard his interests, he made the people of Rome executors of his will. Since the Senate was busy with its own affairs, his ally Pompey approved the will.{{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=339}} According to the author Mary Siani-Davies:

{{Quote
|text=Throughout his long-lasting reign the principal aim of Ptolemy was to secure his hold on the Egyptian throne so as to eventually pass it to his heirs. To achieve this goal he was prepared to sacrifice much: the loss of rich Ptolemaic lands, most of his wealth and even, according to Cicero, the very dignity on which the mystique of kingship rested when he appeared before the Roman people as a mere supplicant.
|author=Mary Siani-Davies
|title="Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans"
|source=''Historia'' (1997) {{sfn|Siani-Davies|1997|p=339}}
}}

==Regime==
[[File:Ptolemy before Hathor, Philae.jpg|thumb|Ptolemy XII before Hathor and Philae, at the [[Hathor Temple]], [[Dendera]], which he built in 54 BC.<ref name="KAB">{{cite book |last1=Bard |first1=Kathryn A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-66525-9 |page=252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web |last1=mondial |first1=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine |title=Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1824/ |website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial |language=fr}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ptolemy before Isis & Osiris, Dendera Temple.jpg|thumb|Ptolemy XII before Isis and Osiris, at the [[Hathor Temple]], [[Dendera]].<ref name="KAB"/><ref name="whc.unesco.org"/>]]
Generally, descriptions of Ptolemy XII portray him as weak and self-indulgent, drunk, or a lover of music.{{sfn|Bradford|2000|p=34}} According to Strabo, his practice of playing the flute earned him the ridiculing [[sobriquet]] ''Auletes'' ('flute player'):

{{Quote
|text=Now all of the kings after the third Ptolemy, being corrupted by luxurious living, administered the affairs of government badly, but worst of all were the fourth, seventh, and the last, Auletes, who, apart from his general licentiousness, practised the accompaniment of choruses with the flute, and upon this he prided himself so much that he would not hesitate to celebrate contests in the royal palace, and at these contests would come forward to vie with the opposing contestants.
|author=Strabo
|title=XVII, 1, 11
|source=<!-- ''Book Title'' (date) --><ref>Strabo XVII, 1, 11.</ref>
}}
==மேற்கோள்கள்==
==மேற்கோள்கள்==
{{reflist|20em}}
{{reflist|20em}}
வரிசை 124: வரிசை 62:
*{{cite book |last=Tyldesley |first=Joyce |date=2006 |title=Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofqueen00tyld |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500051450 |author-link=Joyce Tyldesley }}
*{{cite book |last=Tyldesley |first=Joyce |date=2006 |title=Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofqueen00tyld |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500051450 |author-link=Joyce Tyldesley }}
*{{cite book |last=Whitehorne |first=John |title=Cleopatras |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-05806-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Whitehorne |first=John |title=Cleopatras |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-05806-3 }}

== வெளி இணைப்புகள் ==
== வெளி இணைப்புகள் ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511211402/http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_xii.htm Ptolemy XII] by Christopher Bennett (part of his [http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/index.htm ''Egyptian Royal Genealogy''])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511211402/http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_xii.htm Ptolemy XII] by Christopher Bennett (part of his [http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/index.htm ''Egyptian Royal Genealogy''])

07:15, 18 ஏப்பிரல் 2021 இல் நிலவும் திருத்தம்

பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி
பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்
பண்டைய எகிப்தின் தாலமி வம்ச பேரரசர்
ஆட்சிக்காலம்கிமு 80–58
முடிசூட்டுதல்கிமு 76, மெம்பிஸ்
முன்னையவர்பதினொன்றாம் தாலமி
பின்னையவர்ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா மற்றும் பெரனீஸ் IV
இணை ஆட்சியாளர்ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா
(கிமு79–69)
ஆட்சிக்காலம்கிமு 55–51
முன்னையவர்பெரனீஸ் IV
பின்னையவர்ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா மற்றும் பதிமூன்றாம் தாலமி
பிறப்புகிமு 117
சைப்பிரஸ்
இறப்புகிமு 51
அலெக்சாந்திரியா
துணைவர்ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா
குழந்தைகளின்
பெயர்கள்		பெரனீஸ் IV, ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா, அர்சினோ IV, பதிமூன்றாம் தாலமி, பதிநான்காம் தாலமி
அரசமரபுதாலமி
தந்தைஒன்பதாம் தாலமி
எகிப்தின் ஃபாயூமில் நகரத்தின் உள்ள முதலை கோவிலில் பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்
கோம் ஓம்போவில் உள்ள இரட்டை கோயிலிலில் பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமியின் சிற்பம்
எட்ஃபூ கோயிலில் பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி, எதிரிகளைத் தாக்கும் சிற்பம்

பனிரெண்டாம் தாலமி (Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Philopator Philadelphos) (வார்ப்புரு:Lang-grc-koi, Ptolemaĩos Néos Diónysos; {{கிமு 117}} – கிமு 51) எலனியக் காலத்தில் பண்டைய எகிப்தின் பிந்தைய கால எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை ஆண்ட கிரேக்க தாலமி வம்சத்தின் 12ஆம் பேரரசர் மற்றும் பார்வோன் ஆவார். இவர் எகிப்தை கிமு 80 முதல் 58 முடிய 38 ஆண்டுகள் ஆட்சி செய்தார். இவரது பட்டத்தரசி ஐந்தாம் கிளியோபாட்ரா ஆவார். இவரது குழந்தைகள் பெரனீஸ் IV, ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா, அர்சினோ IV, பதிமூன்றாம் தாலமி மற்றும் பதிநான்காம் தாலமி ஆவார்.

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