தினீஸ்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

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'''தினீஸ்''' ( '''Thinis''' or '''This''') ([[எகிப்திய மொழி]]: '''Tjenu''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 |pages=59, 77 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n31}}</ref>) [[எகிப்தின் துவக்க கால அரச மரபுகள்|எகிப்தின் துவக்க கால அரச மரபுகளான]] (கிமு 3150 - கிமு 2686) [[எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்சம்]] மற்றும் [[எகிப்தின் இரண்டாம் வம்சம்|இரண்டாம் வம்சத்தினரின்]] தலைநகராக விளங்கியது. எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்ச மன்னர் [[நார்மெர்]] நிறுவிய தினீஸ் நகரம், [[எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் வம்சம்|எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் வம்சத்தவர்கள்]] காலத்தால் தங்கள் தலைநகரத்தை [[மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து|மெம்பிஸ்]] நகரத்திற்கு மாற்றினர். இதனால் தினீஸ் நகரத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்து, படிப்படியால அழிவுற்றது. தினீஸ் நகரம் குறித்தான கிமு 4,000 ஆண்டு காலத்திற்கு முந்தைய தொல்லியல் ஆதாரங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
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'''தினீஸ்''' ( '''Thinis''' or '''This''') ([[எகிப்திய மொழி]]: '''Tjenu''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 |pages=59, 77 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n31}}</ref>) [[எகிப்தின் துவக்க கால அரச மரபுகள்|எகிப்தின் துவக்க கால அரச மரபுகளான]] (கிமு 3150 - கிமு 2686) [[எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்சம்]] மற்றும் [[எகிப்தின் இரண்டாம் வம்சம்|இரண்டாம் வம்சத்தினரின்]] தலைநகராக விளங்கியது. எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்ச மன்னர் [[நார்மெர்]] நிறுவிய தினீஸ் நகரம், [[எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் வம்சம்|எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் வம்சத்தவர்கள்]] காலத்தால் அழிந்து போனதால், மூன்றாம் வம்சத்தவர்கள் தங்கள் தலைநகரை [[மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து|மெம்பிஸ்]] நகரத்திற்கு மாற்றினர். தினீஸ் நகரம் குறித்தான கிமு 4,000 ஆண்டு காலத்திற்கு முந்தைய தொல்லியல் ஆதாரங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.





==Name and location==
{{hiero|tni or ṯn<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 |pages=59, 77 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n31}}</ref>|<center><hiero>X1:N35:Z4-T14-O49</hiero></center> '''or''' <center><hiero>V13:N35-O49</hiero></center>|align=right}}
The name ''Thinis'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Θίνις) is derived from [[Manetho]]'s use of the adjective ''Thinite'' to describe the pharaoh [[Menes]].<ref name="Verb">Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 131</ref> Although the corresponding ''Thinis'' does not appear in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], it is demanded by the [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] original<ref name="Gardiner1"/> and is the more popular name among Egyptologists.<ref name="Verb"/><ref name="Bagnall"/> Also suggested is ''This'' (Θίς).<ref name="Tacoma">Tacoma 2006: 54 n. 63</ref>

In correcting a passage of [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]] (b. 490 BCE), [[Jörgen Zoega]] amended
Τίνδων ὄνομα to Θὶν δὲ ᾧ ὄνομα.<ref name="Maspero2"/> [[Gaston Maspero|Maspero]] (1903) found that this revealed the name ''Thinis'' and also, from the same passage, a key geographic indicator: επιποταμίη ({{lang-en|on the river}}).<ref name="Maspero2"/> Maspero used this additional detail to support the theory, which included among its followers [[Jean-François Champollion]] and [[Nestor L'Hôte]], locating Thinis at modern-day Girga or a neighbouring town, possibly El-Birba.<ref name="Maspero2"/> Other proposals for Thinis' location have lost favour at the expense of the Girga-Birba theory: [[Auguste Mariette]], founder director of the [[Egyptian Museum]], suggested [[Kom el-Sultan]]; A. Schmidt, El-Kherbeh; and [[Heinrich Karl Brugsch]], [[Johannes Dümichen]] and others<ref>Moldenke 2008: 89</ref> supported El-Tineh, near Berdis.<ref name="Maspero2">Maspero 1903: 331 n.1</ref> Mainstream Egyptological consensus continues to locate Thinis at or near to either Girga,<ref name="Gardiner1"/><ref name="Ryholt1"/><ref name="Strudwick1"/> or El-Birba<ref name="Bagnall">Bagnall 1996: 334</ref> (where an inscribed statue fragment mentioning Thinis is said to have been found).<ref name="Wilkinson2">Wilkinson 2000: 354</ref>

==History==
[[File:Osireion.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Nearby [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] (''[[Osireion]] pictured''), after ceding its political rank to Thinis, remained an important religious centre.]]

===Pre-dynastic and Early Dynastic periods===
Although the archaeological site of Thinis has never been located,<ref name="Anderson">Anderson 1999: 105</ref> evidence of population concentration in the [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]]-Thinis region dates from the fourth millennium BCE.<ref name="Anderson"/><ref>Patch 1991</ref> Thinis is also cited as the earliest royal [[Ancient Egyptian burial customs|burial-site]] in Egypt.<ref name="Clark">Clark 2004: 115</ref>

At an early point, the city of Abydos ceded its political rank to Thinis,<ref name="Maspero4"/> and although Abydos would continue to enjoy supreme religious importance,<ref name="Maspero4">Maspero 1903: 333</ref> its history and functions cannot be understood without reference to Thinis.<ref name="Wilkinson2"/> The role of Thinis as centre of the [[Thinite Confederacy]] (or Dynasty 0) and into the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic Period]] (specifically [[First dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty I]] and [[Second dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty II]])<ref>Lesley 1868: 154</ref> is taken from Manetho,<ref name="Wilkinson">Wilkinson 2000: 67</ref> and, according to Wilkinson (2000), seems to be confirmed by Dynasty I and late Dynasty II royal tombs at Abydos, the principal regional [[necropolis]].<ref name="Wilkinson"/>

===Old Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period===
[[File:Mentuhotep Seated edit.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Mentuhotep II]], pharaoh of the [[Thebes, Egypt|Theban]] [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XI]], finally brought Thinis under Theban sway during his campaign of reunification.]]
Such importance seems to have been short-lived: certainly, the national political role of Thinis ended at the beginning of [[Third dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty III]] (c. 2686 BCE),<ref name="Naj"/> when [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] became the chief religious and political centre.<ref name="Naj">Najovits 2003: 171</ref> Nonetheless, Thinis retained its regional significance: during [[Fifth dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty V]] it was the probable seat of the "[[Overseer of Upper Egypt]]", an administrative official with responsibility for the Nile Valley south of the [[Nile Delta|Delta]],<ref>Bard 1999: 38</ref> and throughout [[Ancient Egypt|antiquity]] it was the eponymous capital of ''[[nome (Egypt)|nome]]'' [[Ta-wer|VIII of Upper Egypt]] and seat of its [[nomarch]].

During the wars of the [[First Intermediate Period]] (c. 2181&nbsp;– c. 2055 BCE), [[Ankhtifi]], nomarch of [[Hierakonpolis]], demanded recognition of his suzerainty from the "overseer of Upper Egypt" at Thinis,<ref name="Hamblin1">Hamblin 2006: 373</ref> and although the [[Defensive walls|city walls]], cited in Ankhtifi's autobiography,<ref name="Hamblin1"/> seem to have left Ankhtifi capable of only a [[show of force]],<ref name="Hamblin1"/> he appears to have purchased Thinis' neutrality with [[Cereal|grain]].<ref name="Brovarski">Brovarski 1999: 44</ref>

Following Ankhtifi's death, Thinis was the northernmost ''nome'' to fall under the sway of [[Intef II]], pharaoh of the [[Thebes, Egypt|Theban]] [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XI]] (c. 2118&nbsp;– c. 2069 BCE).<ref name="Brovarski"/><ref name="Hamblin2">Hamblin 2006: 375</ref> Progress north by the Theban armies was halted by [[Kheti III]], pharaoh of the [[Herakleopolis Magna|Heracleopolitan]] [[Ninth dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty IX]], in a battle at Thinis itself<ref name="Hamblin2"/> that is recorded in the ''[[Teaching for King Merykara]]'',<ref>Parkinson 1999: 225</ref> and, throughout Intef II's later years, his war against the Heracleopolitans and their allies, the nomarchs of [[Assyut]], was waged in the land between Thinis and Assyut.<ref name="Hamblin2"/>

As Thebes began to gain the upper hand, [[Mentuhotep II]] (c. 2061&nbsp;– c. 2010 BCE), during his campaign of reunification, brought Thinis, which had been in revolt, possibly at Heracleopolitan instigation<ref name="Hamblin3"/> and certainly with the support of an army under the command of the nomarch of Assyut,<ref name="Brovarski"/> firmly under his control.<ref name="Hamblin3">Hamblin 2006: 385</ref>

During the [[Second Intermediate Period]] (c. eighteenth century BCE), Thinis may have experienced resurgent autonomy: [[Kim Ryholt|Ryholt]] (1997) proposes that the Abydos dynasty of kings might better be called the "Thinite Dynasty"<ref>Ryholt 1997: 163</ref> and that, in any event, their royal seat was likely at Thinis, already a ''nome'' capital.<ref>Ryholt 1997: 165</ref>

===New Kingdom and Late Period===
The city's steady decline appears to have halted briefly during [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XVIII]] (c. 1550&nbsp;– c. 1292 BCE), when Thinis enjoyed renewed prominence, based on its geographical connection to various [[Oasis|oases]]<ref>Redford 2003: 176 n. 58</ref> of possible military importance.<ref>Bryan 2006: 104</ref> Certainly, the office of mayor of Thinis was occupied by several notable [[New Kingdom]] figures: Satepihu, who participated in the construction of an [[obelisk]] for [[Hatshepsut]]<ref name="Bryan"/> and was himself subject of an exemplary [[Block statue (Egyptian)|block statue]];<ref>Wilkinson 1992: 30</ref> the [[herald]] Intef, an indispensable member of the royal household and the travelling-companion of [[Thutmose III]];<ref name="Bryan"/><ref>Redford 2003: 176</ref> and Min, tutor to the prince [[Amenhotep III]].<ref name="Bryan">Bryan 2006: 100</ref>

Nonetheless, Thinis had declined to a settlement of little significance by the historic period.<ref>Maspero 1903: 331</ref> The misleading reference on a seventh-century BCE [[Assyria]]n stele to "Nespamedu, king of Thinis" is nothing more than a reflection of Assyrian "ignorance of the subtlety of the Egyptian political hierarchy".<ref>Leahy 1979</ref>

Certainly, by the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman period]], Thinis had been supplanted as capital of its ''nome'' by [[Ptolemais Hermiou|Ptolemais]], perhaps even as early as that city's foundation by [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy I]].<ref name="Tacoma"/>

==Religion==
[[File:The judgement of the dead in the presence of Osiris.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A tableau from the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' (''green-skinned [[Osiris]] is seated to the right''). In ancient Egyptian [[religious cosmology]], Thinis features as a mythical place in [[heaven]].]]
As each ''nome'' was home to the tomb and [[mummy]] of its dead ''nome''-god, so at Thinis was the temple and last resting-place of [[Anhur]],<ref name="Maspero5"/> whose epithets included "bull of Thinis",<ref>Pinch 2002: 177</ref> worshipped after his death<ref name="Maspero5">Maspero 1903: 163</ref> as [[Khenti-Amentiu]],<ref name="Clark"/> and who, as ''nome''-god, was placed at the head of the local [[ennead]].<ref>Maspero 1903: 205</ref>

The high priest of the temple of Anhur at Thinis was called the first prophet,<ref>Maspero 1903: 177</ref> or chief of seers,<ref>Kitchen 2003: 108</ref><ref>Frood 2007: 108</ref> a title that Maspero (1903) suggests is a reflection of Thinis' decline in status as a city.<ref>Maspero 1903: 177 n.1</ref>

One such chief of seers, Anhurmose, who died in the reign of [[Merneptah]] (c. 1213&nbsp;– c. 1203 BCE), broke with the tradition of his New Kingdom predecessors, who were buried at Abydos, and was laid to rest at Thinis itself.<ref name="Frood">Frood 2007: 107</ref>

The lion-goddess [[Mehit]] was also worshipped at Thinis,<ref>Pinch 2002: 164</ref><ref>Frood 2007: 267</ref> and the restoration of her temple there during Merneptah's reign was probably overseen by Anhurmose.<ref name="Frood"/>

There is evidence that [[Order of succession|succession]] to the office of chief of seers of Anhur at Thinis was familial: in the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Herakleopolitan period]], one Hagi succeeded his elder brother, also called Hagi, and their father to the post;<ref>Fischer 1987</ref> and, in the New Kingdom, [[Parennefer called Wennefer|Wenennefer]]<ref>Frood 2007: 97</ref> was succeeded in the priestly office by his son, Hori.<ref>Frood 2007: 189</ref>

In ancient Egyptian [[religious cosmology]], Thinis played a role as a mythical place in [[heaven]].<ref name="Massey"/> In particular, as set out in the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'', its [[Eschatology|eschatological]] significance can be seen in certain rituals: when the god [[Osiris]] triumphs, "joy goeth its round in Thinis", a reference to the celestial Thinis, rather than the earthly city.<ref name="Massey"/>


==மேற்கோள்கள்==
==மேற்கோள்கள்==

11:12, 6 மார்ச்சு 2020 இல் நிலவும் திருத்தம்

தினீஸ் ( Thinis or This) (எகிப்திய மொழி: Tjenu)[1]) எகிப்தின் துவக்க கால அரச மரபுகளான (கிமு 3150 - கிமு 2686) எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்சம் மற்றும் இரண்டாம் வம்சத்தினரின் தலைநகராக விளங்கியது. எகிப்தின் முதல் வம்ச மன்னர் நார்மெர் நிறுவிய தினீஸ் நகரம், எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் வம்சத்தவர்கள் காலத்தால் தங்கள் தலைநகரத்தை மெம்பிஸ் நகரத்திற்கு மாற்றினர். இதனால் தினீஸ் நகரத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம் குறைந்து, படிப்படியால அழிவுற்றது. தினீஸ் நகரம் குறித்தான கிமு 4,000 ஆண்டு காலத்திற்கு முந்தைய தொல்லியல் ஆதாரங்கள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. ↑ Gauthier, Henri. Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6. பக். 59, 77. https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n31. 

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