பேச்சு:ராமச்சந்திர நாயக்கர்
ஆதாரம் தேவை[தொகு]
மேலும் ஆதாரகள் தேவை, மேற்கோள் இணையதளம்
"கொங்கு நாட்டில் 17ம் நூற்றண்ட்டில் மதுரை நாயக்கர்களின் ஆளூமை 1659 தொடங்கி 1672 முடிவடைந்தது என்று தெளிவாக மேற்கோள் இணையதளம் கூறுகிறது."
அந்த வரிகளை கீலே குறிப்பிடுகிறேன்
"COIMBATORE:The Kongu country first emerged as a distinct entity under the rule of the Rattas in the first centuries of the Christian era. It comprised “the whole of the modern district of Coimbatore, with the Taluks of Omalur, Salem, Tiruchengodu and Namakkal in the modern district of Salem, Karuru and a part of Kulitalai Taluk in the modern district of Tiruchirapalli, and portions of Dindigul and Palani Taluks in the modern district of Madurai.
The Kongu country was under the Nayakas of Madura from the establishment of that polity by Visnavatha Nayaka circa 1530 till the end of Chokkanatah Nayaka’s reign in 1682. However, Jesuit letters (supported by epigraphic evidence) indicate that Coimbatore and Salem were under the Nayakas only during the reign of the grat Tirumala (ob. 1659). Tirumala’s brother, Kumara-Muthu, “was carrying on wars and conquests in the Kongu region towards the end of Tirumala’s reign.” Coimbatore, while acknowledging the sovereignty of the nayakas of Madura, appears to have been largely in the hands of polegars who divided the country between them. According to Taylor’s Historical Manuscripts, one of Visnavatha’s original 72 polegars was attached to Coimbatore, while two were attached to Salem. The sources speak of “the eighteen great poligars of Kongu-desam (Coimbatore), and the history of Madura shows that the south [and the east] of Coimbatore was occupied by them”; polegars were also found in the northern part of the district. As was the case in Madura proper, these polegars predated the supposed institution of the poligari system by Visnavatha Nayaka. “Perhaps no period in Kongu history is so full of chieftains and poligars working alongside of Government officials, top ranking Generals and local dignitaries of all kinds and status as this of Vijayanagar supremacy. … After going through the inscriptional records of the times in which so many Dandanathas, Dandanayakas, Rayars, Udaiyars, Mahapradhanis, and Pradhanis besides local chiefs like Ramachandra Nayaka of Sendamangalam, Selapati Nayaka of Omalur, Romachandra of Talaimalai and the Nayak of Satyamangalam (name not known) are mentioned that we are at a loss to know how exactly Government was run between these various dignitaries in an organized manner.”
All polegars came under the rising power of Mysore between 1644 and 1704, and under Wadiyar rule their power began to wane. The Wadiyar rajas of Mysore had begun to take an interest in Kongu from the middle of the 16th century. When Dodda Deva ascended the gadi in 1659, “he took up the task of conquering Kongu with a greater determination, and defeated the Madura Nayak at the battle of Erode, wresting from him Dharapuram, the heart and centre of Kongudesa. … In the reign of Chikkadeva (1672-1704) this ascending climax of Mysore supremacy reached the pinnacle in Kongudesa. The continuous wars between the two regions during the epoch immediately preceding this for nearly 50 years from 1623-1672 had ended in the final annexation to Mysore of the tract surrounding Coimbatore, Karur, Erode and Dharapuram. In the reign of Chikkadeva, the Mysore dominion was firmly established over a large portion of Kongu from Palani and the Anaimalai in the south to Madagasi in the north. “The Poligars of old had collected numerous levies and they were often, if not always, several times more in value than what they had to pay the Government. Besides this they had also levied a regular blackmail called kaval-panam (lit., fees for protection). The coming of the rule of Mysore no doubt saved the people from the grinding hand of these Poligars, but as much as was taken by them was now taken by the overnment by way of taxes.”
During the four decades between Hyder Ali’s usurpation of the Mysore gadi in 1761 and his son Tippu Sultan’s death in 1799, the Muslim rulers further checked the unruly polegars. Most of their pollams were resumed; only a tenth of the polegars retained their powers by the time Coimbatore was ceded to the Company in 1799.
115:II,68-69; Arokiaswami, Kongu Country:5, 335-339,357-358, 370-375,399-400; Nicholson, Coimbatore:I,90,93"
'SALEM
Salem, in the Kongu country, is bounded on the south, where it borders on Coimbatore and Trichinopoly Districts, and on the west, where it abuts on Coimbatore and Mysore, by the Kaveri river; by Mysore and Arcot Districts on the north; and on the west by Coimbatore and Mysore and the three mountain ranges, the Jewaddy Muddy, the Colleroys and Colly Mully. It was traditionally --albeit inaccurately-- divided into the Talaghat (the lands above the ghats, namely, Salem, Attur, Namakkal and Trichengode taluks); the Baramahal (the lands between the first and the second ghats, namely, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Tirupatur and Uttankarai taluks); and the Balaghat (the lands below the ghats, i.e., the Hosur taluk) The first two are a continuation of the Mysore and Deccan highlands, while the Talaghat is a land of fertile plains sloping down to the Kaveri river.
Like Coimbatore, Salem came under the rule of the nayaks of Madura after the battle of Talikota broke the hold of the Vijayanagar emperors. “The greatest characteristic of the administration of the period [after the collapse of effective Vijayanagar rule] lay in the numberless feudatories scattered all over the breadth and length of Kongu.” This was the period of the numberless petty rajas and chiefs of whom Father Robert de Nobili, S.J., writing circa 1623, has left revealing thumb sketches. These chieftains considered themselves “rather as the owners of their people and their kingdoms as a vast farm to be operated on. … While they are of unbounded energy and acuteness in extorting from their subjects the utmost possible revenue, they are wholly blind, careless and weak in the matters of order, justice, and repression of crime.” They were “petty tyrants accustomed to regard themselves as independent or to shelter themselves by intrigues and bribes offered to the greed of those who ought to supervise them.’ … We have evidence in the Ramnayappanammanai of these feudal chiefs, of whom those of Erode and Kangayam are particulary mentioned. … Erode was the center, where the Kongu palayakarar met for important purposes. … But so frequently were they at war with each other or with a common enemy or even with their own master, that they could have done little of use to the region, except in keeping the vast disorderly element of the times under a salutary fear, which these rough men were always able to inspire. A few of these, however, have left to posterity a record of good rule and they are in the nature of exceptions proving the rule.” One prime example of this latter type of polegar was the Ghetti Mudaliyar family of Omalur (q.v.)
After 1652, parts of Salem began to fall under the rule of the rising Wadiyars of Mysore, and in 1688-90 Chikka Deva Reja (r. 1672-1704), the great Wadiyar maharaja of Mysore, absorbed the whole of the district (which was not, nevertheless, added permanently to Mysore territory until 1760.) “It is noteworthy that Mysore seems to have been active in the region of Salem during [the reign of Dodda Kirshna Raja (1713-31)]; and this activity continued unabated in the successive reigns as well until the entire area comprising the modern district of Salem came under her. The process of this conquest was accomplished within a period of 25 years, in the first part of the reign of Chikka Krishna Raja, who ruled between 1734 and 1765.”
It was Chikka Deva Raja who divided the Mysore territories “into districts, and each district into hobli(s), consisting of an unequal number of grams or large villages.” This gramawari system was a form of government administration, as opposed to the polegari system of indirect or delegated administration that prevailed in other areas such a Tirulneveli and Arcot. In Salem and the Baramahal, despite a number of reorganizations under Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, the gramawari system was used to collect land revenue until 1794-95. It can be said, therefore, that “[i]n most parts of Salem and the Baramahal the traditional warrior elite had been eliminated by 1700, … [after] the Rajas of Mysore began eliminating the local palaiyakar(s) and introducing their own revenue officials.”
Most of Salem was ceded to the Company in 1792. But the Hosur taluk, the largest in Salem District, came under British rule only in 1799, after Tipu’s final defeat. Buchanan, traveling through it in 1801, describes it “as consisting of the Taluks of Hosur, Denkani-kota, Kela-mangalam, Ratnagiri, Venkatagiri-kota, and part of Alambadi on the left bank of the Kaveri, together with the ‘Feudatory Lordships’ of Bagalur, Sulagiri, Ankusagiri, Punganur, and Pedda-Nayakkan-Durgam.”
115:II,43; Arokiaswami, Kongu Country: 347,364-366,377; Murton, “Key People in the Countryside”:164-165,180; Richards, Salem:II,107
101.63.181.46 07:23, 4 பெப்ரவரி 2012 (UTC)
கொங்கு நாடு என்று சொல்லப்படும் சேலம் , நாமக்கல் பகுதியில் உள்ள சேந்தமங்கலத்தை தலைமையிடமாக கொண்டு பாளையத்தை 15 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இருந்து ஆண்டு வந்தவர் ராமச்சந்திர நாயக்கர்[தொகு]
மேற்கோள் இணையதளம் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ள செய்தி,
Ramachandra Nayak, the polegar of Sendamangalam, a tributary of Madura, in 1630, welcomed Father Robert de Nobili and gave him land to build a church. He is also believed to have built the impressive fort at Namakkal. The palaiyam survived into the 19th century as a zamindari estate.
17ம் நூற்றண்ட்டில் மதுரை திருமலை நயக்கனால் 1630, அல்லது 1659 ,1672 ல் மதுரை நயக்கணால் ஆட்சி கொங்கு நாட்டில் முடிவுக்கு வந்தது. அவரால் கட்ட பட்டு இருக்கும் என்று நம்பப்படுகிறதே ,அவரால் கட்டபட்டது என்று அருதியிட்டு கூறப்படவில்லை,கல்வெட்டு அதாரத்தை காண்பிக்கவும்.
இணையதலத்தில் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ள 115.241.85.31 16:40, 4 பெப்ரவரி 2012 (UTC)
ஆட்சிக்கு உட்பட்ட பகுதி[தொகு]
ராஜா நாயக்கர் எங்கிருந்து 'ஆட்சிக்கு உட்பட்ட பகுதி' ஊர்களை எடுத்தீர்கள்? இணையத்தில் அதன் தொடுப்பு இருந்தால் கொடுக்கவும், சிலவற்றை சரிபார்த்து சரியான தமிழ் உச்சரிப்பு கொண்ட ஊர் பெயர்களாக மாற்றிவிடுகிறேன்..--குறும்பன் 15:24, 4 பெப்ரவரி 2012 (UTC)
குறும்பன் , இது நாமக்கல் பகுதியில் ஆட்சிக்கு உட்பட்ட சேந்தமங்கலம் பாலயகாரர்களின் தற்போதைய ஊர்களின் பெயர் , இது ஆங்கிலத்தில் இருந்தது எனவே இதனை தமிழ் படுத்தும்போது தவறுகள் வந்து இருக்கலாம் என்று நினைக்கின்றேன் --Rajanaicker
- ஆம் ராஜா நாயக்கர் ஆங்கிலத்தில் இருந்து தமிழில் எழுதியதால் ஏற்பட்ட பிழை தான் இது. எனக்கு நன்கு தெரிந்த ஊர் பெயர்களை மாற்றி இருக்கிறேன், சிலவற்றை சரிபார்த்து தான் சரியாக மாற்றமுடியும் (நான் உச்சரிப்பது தவறாக இருக்கலாம்) என்பதால் தான் தொடுப்பு இருந்தால் தரும் படி கேட்டேன். கொங்கு பகுதியில் இது பெரிய பாளையம் என்பதற்கு ஏதாவது மேற்கோள் இருந்தால் தரவும். சில மேற்கோள்களில் இருந்து சரியான தகவலை பெறமுடியவில்லை. இவர் திப்பு சுல்தானுக்கு உதவியது போல் எனக்கு ஆதாரம் கிடைக்கவில்லை, இவர் ஆங்கில அதிகாரிக்கு பெரும் வரவேற்பு அளித்ததாக தான் தெரிகிறது. The palaiyam survived into the 19th century as a zamindari estate என்று தான் ஆதாரம் உள்ளது. [1] --குறும்பன் 20:05, 5 பெப்ரவரி 2012 (UTC)
கொங்கு நாட்டில் இதுவை பெரிய பாளையம் என்பதற்கும் திப்புவுடன் இணைந்து இவர் போரிட்டதால் ஆங்கிலேயர்கள் இப்பாளையத்தை அழித்தனர் என்ற 2 மேற்கோள்களை நீக்கியுள்ளேன், மேற்கோளில் பக்க எண்ணையும் கொடுத்தால் உதவியாக இருக்கும். http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&pg=PA61&dq=namakkal+ramachandra&hl=ta&sa=X&ei=-HotT_v1DIPnrAf9l_nADA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=namakkal%20ramachandra&f=false http://books.google.co.in/books?id=hyIuAAAAMAAJ&q=ramachandra+nayak&dq=ramachandra+nayak&hl=ta&sa=X&ei=zzUtT9rnNY7prQfs3dm_DA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg --குறும்பன் (பேச்சு) 19:50, 16 மார்ச் 2012 (UTC)