புறவெளி

புறவெளி Outer space, வழக்கில் பொதுவாக விண்வெளி என்றே அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இது புவிக்கும்(அதன் வளிமண்டலம் உட்பட) வான்பொருட்களுக்கும் இடையிலான விண்வெளி பகுதி ஆகும். புறவெளி முழுமையான வெற்றிடம் அன்று; இது மீ உயர் வெற்றிடப் பகுதியாகும்.^[1] இதில் தாழ் அடர்த்தித் துகள்களும் குறிப்பாக நீரக எல்லிய மின்ம ஊடகத் துகள்களும் மின்காந்தக் கதிர்வீச்சும், காந்தப் புலங்களும்sமண்டப் பின்னணி நொதுமியன்களும்(neutrinos), அண்டத் தூசும், அண்டக் கதிர்களும் உள்ளன. புறவெளியின் அடிப்படைக்கோடு வெப்பநிலை, 2.7 கெல்வின்s (−270 °C; −455 °F) ஆகும்.^[2]

மேற்கோள்கள்

↑ Roth, A. (2012), Vacuum Technology, Elsevier, p. 6, ISBN 978-0444598745.
↑ Chuss, David T. (June 26, 2008), Cosmic Background Explorer, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, archived from the original on May 9, 2013, retrieved 2013-04-27.

புற இணைப்புகள்

தகவல் வாயில்கள்

Barbieri, C. (2006), Fundamentals of Astronomy, CRC Press, p. 253, ISBN 978-0750308861
Billings, Charles E. (1973), "Barometric Pressure", in Parker, James F.; West, Vita R. (eds.), Bioastronautics Data Book, vol. 3006 (2nd ed.), Bibcode:1973NASSP3006.....P, NASA SP-3006
Bolonkin, Alexander (2010), Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0080458755
Borowitz, Sidney; Beiser, Arthur (1971), Essentials of physics: a text for students of science and engineering, Addison-Wesley series in physics (2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Note: this source gives a value of 2.7 × 10²⁵ molecules per cubic meter.
Cajori, Florian (1917), A history of physics in its elementary branches: including the evolution of physical laboratories, New York: The Macmillan Company
Chamberlain, Joseph Wyan (1978), Theory of planetary atmospheres: an introduction to their physics and chemistry, International geophysics series, vol. 22, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-167250-8
Collins, Martin J. (2007), "Mariner 2 Mock-up", After Sputnik: 50 years of the Space Age, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9
Davies, P. C. W. (1977), The physics of time asymmetry, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-03247-7 Note: a light year is about 10¹³ km.
Davis, Jeffrey R.; Johnson, Robert; Stepanek, Jan (2008), Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine (4th ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-0-7817-7466-6
Dickson, Paul (2010), A Dictionary of the Space Age, New Series in NASA History, JHU Press, ISBN 978-0801895043.
Eckert, Michael (2006), The dawn of fluid dynamics: a discipline between science and technology, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-40513-8
Ellery, Alex (2000), An introduction to space robotics, Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences, Springer, ISBN 978-1-85233-164-1
Fichtner, Horst; Liu, W. William (2011), "Advances in Coordinated Sun-Earth System Science Through Interdisciplinary Initiatives and International Programs", written at Sopron, Hungary, in Miralles, M.P.; Almeida, J. Sánchez (eds.), The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere, IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol. 4, Berlin: Springer, p. 341, Bibcode:2011sswh.book..341F, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_24, ISBN 978-90-481-9786-6
Freedman, Roger A.; Kaufmann, William J. (2005), Universe (7th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 978-0-7167-8694-8
Frisch, Priscilla C.; Müller, Hans R.; Zank, Gary P.; Lopate, C. (May 6–9, 2002), "Galactic environment of the Sun and stars: interstellar and interplanetary material", in Livio, Mario; Reid, I. Neill; Sparks, William B. (eds.), Astrophysics of life. Proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium, Space Telescope Science Institute symposium series, vol. 16, Baltimore, MD, US: Cambridge University Press, p. 21, Bibcode:2005asli.symp...21F, ISBN 978-0-521-82490-3
Gatti, Hilary (2002), Giordano Bruno and Renaissance science, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8785-9
Genz, Henning (2001), Nothingness: the science of empty space, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-7382-0610-3
Ghosh, S. N. (2000), Atmospheric Science and Environment, Allied Publishers, ISBN 978-8177640434
Goodman, John M. (2006), Space Weather & Telecommunications, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-0-387-23671-1
Grant, Edward (1981), Much ado about nothing: theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution, The Cambridge history of science series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22983-8
Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene; Krushchev, Sergei (2008), Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race, National Geographic Books, pp. 89–90, ISBN 978-1-4262-0321-3
Hariharan, P. (2003), Optical interferometry (2nd ed.), Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-311630-7
Harris, Philip Robert (2008), Space enterprise: living and working offworld in the 21st century, Springer Praxis Books / Space Exploration Series, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-77639-2
Harrison, Albert A. (2002), Spacefaring: The Human Dimension, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23677-6
Holton, Gerald James; Brush, Stephen G. (2001), "Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond", Physics Today, 54 (10) (3rd ed.), Rutgers University Press: 69, Bibcode:2001PhT....54j..69H, doi:10.1063/1.1420555, ISBN 978-0-8135-2908-0
Kanas, Nick; Manzey, Dietrich (2008), "Basic Issues of Human Adaptation to Space Flight", Space Psychology and Psychiatry, Space Technology Library, 22: 15–48, Bibcode:2008spp..book.....K, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6770-9_2, ISBN 978-1-4020-6769-3.
Kelly, Suzanne (1965), The de muno of William Gilbert, Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger & Co.
Koskinen, Hannu (2010), Physics of Space Storms: From the Surface of the Sun to the Earth, Environmental Sciences Series, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-00310-3
Lang, Kenneth R. (1999), Astrophysical formulae: Radiation, gas processes, and high energy astrophysics, Astronomy and astrophysics library (3rd ed.), Birkhäuser, ISBN 978-3-540-29692-8
Liddle, Andrew (2015), An Introduction to Modern Cosmology, John Wiley, ISBN 978-1118502143
Lide, David R. (1993), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (74th ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8493-0595-5
Maor, Eli (1991), To infinity and beyond: a cultural history of the infinite, Princeton paperbacks, ISBN 978-0-691-02511-7
Mendillo, Michael (November 8–10, 2000), "The atmosphere of the moon", in Barbieri, Cesare; Rampazzi, Francesca (eds.), Earth-Moon Relationships, Padova, Italy at the Accademia Galileiana Di Scienze Lettere Ed Arti: Springer, p. 275, ISBN 978-0-7923-7089-5
Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin (1985), The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-31536-4
O'Leary, Beth Laura (2009), Darrin, Ann Garrison (ed.), Handbook of space engineering, archaeology, and heritage, Advances in engineering, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4200-8431-3
Olenick, Richard P.; Apostol, Tom M.; Goodstein, David L. (1986), Beyond the mechanical universe: from electricity to modern physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-30430-6
Orloff, Richard W. (2001), Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference, NASA, ISBN 978-0-16-050631-4, retrieved 2008-01-28
Papagiannis, Michael D. (1972), Space Physics and Space Astronomy, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-677-04000-4
Piantadosi, Claude A. (2003), The Biology of Human Survival: Life and Death in Extreme Environments, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199748075
Porter, Roy; Park, Katharine; Daston, Lorraine (2006), "The Cambridge History of Science: Early modern science", Early Modern Science, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-521-57244-6
Prialnik, Dina (2000), An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521659376, retrieved 2015-03-26
Rauchfuss, Horst (2008), Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, Translated by T. N. Mitchell, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-78822-5
Razani, Mohammad (2012), Information Communication and Space Technology, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1439841631
Schrijver, Carolus J.; Siscoe, George L. (2010), Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-11294-9
Silk, Joseph (2000), The Big Bang (3rd ed.), Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-8050-7256-3
Sparke, Linda S.; Gallagher, John S. (2007), Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Bibcode:2007gitu.book.....S, ISBN 978-0-521-85593-8
Spitzer, Lyman Jr. (1978), Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium, Wiley Classics Library, ISBN 978-0471293354
Stuart Wortley, Emmeline Charlotte E. (1841), The maiden of Moscow, a poem, How and Parsons, Canto X, section XIV, lines 14–15, All Earth in madness moved,—o'erthrown, / To outer space—driven—racked—undone!
Tassoul, Jean Louis; Tassoul, Monique (2004), A concise history of solar and stellar physics, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11711-9
Thagard, Paul (1992), Conceptual revolutions, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02490-5
Tyson, Neil deGrasse; Goldsmith, Donald (2004), Origins: fourteen billion years of cosmic evolution, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 114–115, ISBN 978-0-393-05992-2
United States (2016), United States Code 2006 Edition Supplement V, Washington D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, p. 536</ref>
Von Humboldt, Alexander (1845), Cosmos: a survey of the general physical history of the Universe, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, hdl:2027/nyp.33433071596906
Webb, Stephen (1999), Measuring the universe: the cosmological distance ladder, Springer, ISBN 978-1-85233-106-1
Williamson, Mark (2006), Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years, History and Management of Technology Series, vol. 33, IET, ISBN 978-0863415531
Wong, Wilson; Fergusson, James Gordon (2010), Military space power: a guide to the issues, Contemporary military, strategic, and security issues, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-35680-3
Wszolek, Bogdan (2013), "Is there Matter in Voids?", in Arp, H. C.; Keys, C. R.; Rudnicki, K. (eds.), Progress in New Cosmologies: Beyond the Big Bang, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-1489912251

[Roth_2012-1] Roth, A. (2012), Vacuum Technology, Elsevier, p. 6, ISBN 978-0444598745.

[CBE2008-2] Chuss, David T. (June 26, 2008), Cosmic Background Explorer, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, archived from the original on May 9, 2013, retrieved 2013-04-27.

[1]

[2]

ஆளுமைக் கட்டுப்பாடு
பன்னாட்டு	FAST
தேசிய	France BnF data ஜெர்மனி அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள்
புவிசார்	MusicBrainz area
மற்றவை	NARA