அமேசான்.காம்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிப்பீடியாவில் இருந்து.
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17:03, 22 அக்டோபர் 2010 இல் நிலவும் திருத்தம்

அமேசான்.காம் இன்கு.
வகைபொது (நாசுடாக்: AMZN)
நிறுவியது1994
நிறுவனர்செப்ரே பி. பீசாசு
தலைமையகம்சியாட்டல், WA, அமேரிக்கா
சேவை வழங்கும் பகுதிஉலகம் முழுவதும்
முக்கிய நபர்கள்செப்ரே பி. பீசாசு
(Chairman), (CEO) & (President)
துறைRetail
உற்பத்திப்பொருள்அமேசான்.வணி
ஏ9
அலேக்சா இணையம்
ஐ.எம்.டி.பி
அமேசான் கிண்டுல்
அமேசான் வலை சேவைகள்
வருமானம்▲ US$ 19.166 பில்லியன் (2008)
இயக்க வருமானம் ▲ US$ 842 மில்லியன் (2008)
நிகர வருமானம்▲ US$ 645 மில்லியன் (2008)
தொழில் புரிவோர்20,500 (2008)[1]
இணையத்தளம்அமேசான்.வணி
இணையத்தள வகைஇணைய-வணிகம்
விளம்பரம்web banners and videos
மொழிஆங்கிலம், சீனா, பிரஞ்சு, செர்மன், & சப்பானிய மொழி
தொடக்கம்1995

அமேசான்.காம், இன்கு (amazon.com, நாஸ்டாக்: AMZN) என்பது அமேரிக்க பன்நாட்டு இணைய வணிக நிறுவனமாகும். இது சியாட்டல், வாசிங்டனில் உள்ளது., இது அமேரிக்காவிலேயே இருக்கும் ஒரு மிகப்பெரிய இணைய அங்காடியாகும். இதன் இணைய விற்பனை ஸ்டெப்பிள்சு நிருவனத்தினை விட மூன்று மடங்கு அதிகமாகும்[2]

செப் பீசாசு அமேசான்.காம்மை 1994ல் தொடங்கி, 1995ஆம் ஆண்டு இணையத்தில் வெளியிட்டார். இது ஒரு இணைய புத்தக அங்காடியாக தொடங்கப்பட்டது. விரைவில் பலத்தரப்பட்ட பொருள்களை விற்க ஆரம்பித்தது. அவை டி.வி.டி, இசை குறுந்தட்டுகள் மற்றும் எம்.பி.3க்கள், கணினி மென்பொருகள், விழி விளையாட்டுகள், எலெக்டிரானிக்சுகள், துணிகள், உணாவுகள் மற்றும் பொம்மைகள் ஆகும். அமேசான் தனக்கென தனியான தளத்தினை முக்கிய நாடுகளில் நிருவியுள்ளது. அவை கனெடா, யுனைட்டு கிங்டம், செர்மனி, பிரான்சு, சீனா, சப்பான் ஆகும். சர்வதேச அளவில் பொருட்களை தனது வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்கு எடுத்துச்செல்கிறது.

வெர்டிக்டு ஆராய்ச்சி கழகம் ஒரு கணக்கெடுப்பு நடத்தி சனவரி 15, 2009 அன்று வெளியிட்டது. அதில், அமேசான் தான் யூ.கே மக்களுக்கு பிடித்தமான இசை மற்றும் விழிகள் விற்பனையாளர் என்று கூறப்பட்டிருந்தது. விற்பணைப்பட்டியலில் மூன்றாவது இடத்தினையையும் பிடித்தது.[3]

வரலாறு மற்றும் வியாபாரம்

Amazon was founded in 1994, spurred by what Bezos called "regret minimization framework", his effort to fend off regret for not staking a claim in the Internet gold rush.[4] While company lore says Bezos wrote the business plan while he and his wife drove from New York to Seattle,[5] that account appears to be apocryphal.[6]

The company began as an online bookstore;[6] while the largest brick-and-mortar bookstores and mail-order catalogs for books might offer 200,000 titles, an on-line bookstore could offer more. Bezos named the company "Amazon" after the world's biggest river. Since 2000, Amazon's logotype is an arrow leading from A to Z, representing customer satisfaction (as it forms a smile) and the goal to have every product in the alphabet.[7]

In 1994, the company incorporated in the state of Washington, beginning service in July 1995, and was reincorporated in 1996 in Delaware. The first book Amazon.com sold was Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[8] Amazon.com issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN, at an IPO price of US$18.00 per share ($1.50 after three stock splits in the late 1990s).

Amazon's initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years; the strategy was effective. Amazon grew steadily in the late 1990s while other Internet companies grew blindingly fast. Amazon's "slow" growth provoked stockholder complaints: that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst, and many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered, and, finally, turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million, just 1¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the profit was symbolically important.

The company remains profitable: 2003 net income was $35.3 million, $588.50 million in 2004, $359 million in 2005, and $190 million in 2006 (including a $662 million charge for R&D in 2006), nevertheless, the firm's cumulative profits remain negative. As of September 2007, the accumulated deficit stood at $1.58 billion. Revenues increased thanks to product diversification and an international presence: $3.9 billion in 2002, $5.3 billion in 2003, $6.9 billion in 2004, $8.5 billion in 2005, and $10.7 billion in 2006.

On November 21, 2005, Amazon entered the S&P 500 index, replacing AT&T after it merged with SBC Communications. On December 31, 2008, Amazon entered the S&P 100 index, replacing Merrill Lynch after it was taken over by Bank of America.

In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year, recognizing the company's success in popularizing on-line shopping.

Merchant partnerships

The Web site CDNOW (cdnow.com) is powered and hosted by Amazon. Until June 30, 2006, typing ToysRUs.com into a browser would similarly bring up Amazon.com's Toys & Games tab; however, this relationship was terminated as the result of a lawsuit.[9]

Amazon.com powers and operates retail web sites for Target, Sears Canada, Benefit Cosmetics, Bebe Stores, Timex Corporation, Marks & Spencer, Mothercare, and Lacoste. For a growing number of enterprise clients, currently including the UK merchants Marks & Spencer, Benefit Cosmetics' UK entity and Mothercare, Amazon provides a unified multichannel platform whence a customer can interchangeably interact with the retail website, standalone in-store terminals, and phone-based customer service agents. Amazon Web Services also powers AOL's Shop@AOL.

இடம்

Headquarters

Amazon.com's headquarters in the PacMed building in Beacon Hill, Seattle.

The company's global headquarters is located on Seattle's Beacon Hill. It has offices throughout other parts of greater Seattle including Union Station and The Columbia Center.

Amazon has announced plans to move its headquarters to the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle beginning in mid-2010, with full occupancy by 2011. This move will consolidate all Seattle employees onto the new 11-building campus.[10]

மென்பொருள் உருவாகும் இடங்கள்

உலகம் முழுவதும் இந்நிருவனம் மென்பொருள் உருவாக்குபவர்களை பணியில் ஈடுபடுத்தியுள்ளது. மென்பொருள் உருவாக்கம் பெரும்பாலும் சியாட்டலில் நடைபெறுகிறது. இதனை தவிற மற்ற இடங்கள்

நிறைவேற்று தளம்

கீழ் வரும் நகரங்களில் அதுவும் விமான நிலையத்திற்கு அருகில் நிறைவேற்றுத்தளங்கள் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. அமேசான் தனது இருப்பிடத்தையும், நிறைவேற்றுத்தளங்களையும் பிற பெரிய மற்றும் சிறிய விற்பணையாளர்களுக்கு (எ.கா.டார்கெட் கார்பிரேசன்)[11] தருகிறது.

In March 2009, Amazon announced plans to close three U.S. distribution centers: Red Rock, Nevada, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Munster, Indiana.[12]

அமேசான்.கோ.யூகே இடம், Glenrothes.

பொருள்கள்

Amazon has steadily branched into retail sales of music CDs, videotapes and DVDs, software, consumer electronics, kitchen items, tools, lawn and garden items, toys & games, baby products, apparel, sporting goods, gourmet food, jewelry, watches, health and personal-care items, beauty products, musical instruments, clothing, industrial & scientific supplies, groceries, and more.

The company launched Amazon.com Auctions, its own Web auctions service, in March 1999. However, it failed to chip away at industry pioneer eBay's juggernaut growth. Amazon Auctions was followed by the launch of a fixed-price marketplace business called zShops in September 1999, and a failed Sotheby's/Amazon partnership called sothebys.amazon.com in November.

Amazon no longer mentions either Auctions or zShops on its main pages and the help page for sellers now only mentions the Marketplace.[16] Old links to zShops now simply redirect to the Amazon home page,[17] while old links to Auctions take users to a transactions history page.[18] New product listings are no longer possible for either service.

Although zShops failed to live up to its expectations, it laid the groundwork for the hugely successful Amazon Marketplace service launched in 2001 that let customers sell used books, CDs, DVDs, and other products alongside new items. Today, Amazon Marketplace's main rival is eBay's Half.com service.

Beginning August 2005,[19] Amazon began selling products under its own private label, "Pinzon"; the initial trademark applications suggested the company intended to focus on textiles, kitchen utensils, and other household goods.[19] In March 2007, the company applied to expand the trademark to cover a larger and more diverse list of goods, and to register a new design consisting of the "word PINZON in stylized letters with a notched letter O whose space appears at the "one o'clock" position.".[20] The list of products registered for coverage by the trademark grew to include items such as paints, carpets, wallpaper, hair accessories, clothing, footwear, headgear, cleaning products, and jewelry.[20]

On May 16, 2007 Amazon announced its intention to launch its own online music store.[21] The store launched in the US in public beta September 25, 2007, selling downloads exclusively in MP3 format without digital rights management.[22] This is especially notable as it was the first online offering of DRM-free music from all four major record companies.[23][24][25][26]

In August 2007, Amazon announced AmazonFresh,[27] a grocery service offering perishable and nonperishable foods. Customers can have orders delivered to their homes at dawn or during a specified daytime window. Delivery was initially restricted to residents of Mercer Island, Washington, and was later expanded to several ZIP codes in Seattle proper.[28] AmazonFresh also operated pick-up locations in the suburbs of Bellevue and Kirkland from summer 2007 through early 2008.

In 2008 Amazon expanded into film production and is currently funding the film The Stolen Child with 20th Century Fox.[29]

Review and recommendation feature

இதனையும் பார்க்க: Recommender system

Amazon.com's customer reviews are monitored for all negative or indecent comments that are directed at anything, or anyone, but the product itself. In regards to the reviews lacking relative restrictions, Robert Spector, who is the author of the book Amazon.com, describes how "when publishers and authors asked Bezos why Amazon.com would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was ‘taking a different approach...we want to make every book available – the good, the bad, and the ugly...to let truth loose’" (Spector 132).

Reviews for different media of the same product are grouped together (e.g., the review page for a particular film, whether on VHS, Blu-Ray, or DVD, will feature reviews from all three products). Currently, there is no way to only look at reviews for one version of a product.

Website

The domain amazon.com attracted at least 615 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey. This was twice the numbers of walmart.com.[30]

Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. As part of their review, users must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. In 2004 a software error accidentally showed the names behind reviews that were submitted anonymously, and some authors were shown to have written glowing reviews of their own books. Amazon created a feature in recent years that allowed users to comment on reviews. Amazon provides an optional badging option for reviewers, e.g., to indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or to indicate that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. The U.S. site generally has the most reviews. A review posted on one site is not necessarily visible on another site.

"Search Inside the Book" is a feature which allows customers to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the catalog.[31][32] The feature started with 120,000 titles (or 33 million pages of text) on October 23, 2003. There are currently about 250,000 books in the program. Amazon has cooperated with around 130 publishers to allow users to perform these searches.

To avoid copyright violations, Amazon.com does not return the computer-readable text of the book but rather a picture of the matching page, disables printing, and puts limits on the number of pages in a book a single user can access. One author observed that his entire book could be read online by searching a few words.[33] Additionally, customers can purchase online access to the some books via the "Amazon Upgrade" program, although the selection is currently quite limited.

According to information in Amazon.com discussion forums,[மேற்கோள் தேவை] Amazon derives about 40 percent of its sales from affiliates whom they call Associates, and third party sellers who list and sell products on the Amazon websites. Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links on their websites to the Amazon homepage or to specific products. If a referral results in a sale, the Associate receives a commission from Amazon. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.[34] Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within, or linked to from, another website.

Amazon reported over 1.3 million sellers sold products through Amazon's World Wide Web sites in 2007. Selling on Amazon has become more popular as Amazon expanded into a variety of categories beyond media and built a variety of features to support volume selling. Unlike eBay, Amazon sellers do not have to maintain separate payment accounts; all payments and payment security are handled by Amazon itself.

According to the Internet audience measurement website Compete.com, Amazon attracts approximately 50 million U.S. consumers to its website on a monthly basis.[35]

Acquisitions and spinoffs

வார்ப்புரு:Proseline

  • In April 1998, Amazon bought the Internet Movie Database (IMDb).
  • In August 1998, Amazon bought Cambridge, Massachusetts-based PlanetAll for 800,000 shares of Amazon stock. PlanetAll operated a web-based address book, calendar, and reminder service. In the same deal, Amazon acquired Sunnyvale-based Junglee.com, an XML-based data mining startup for 1.6 million shares of Amazon stock. The two deals together were valued at about $280 million at the time.
  • In June 1999, Amazon bought Alexa Internet, Accept.com, and Exchange.com in a set of stock deals worth approximately $645 million.
  • In 2003, Amazon purchased the rival online music retailer CD Now.
  • In 2004, Amazon purchased Joyo.com, a Chinese e-commerce website. It also debuted A9.com, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology.
  • In March 2005, Amazon acquired BookSurge, a print on demand company, and Mobipocket.com, an eBook software company.
  • In July 2005, Amazon purchased CreateSpace (formerly CustomFlix), a Scotts Valley, California-based distributor of on-demand DVDs.[36] Since the acquisition, CreateSpace has expanded its on-line services to include on-demand books and CDs, as well as video downloads. On July 30, 2007, the National Archives announced that it would make thousands of historic films available for purchase through CreateSpace.[37]
  • In February 2006, Amazon acquired Shopbop, a Madison, Wisconsin-based retailer of designer clothing and accessories for women.[38]
  • In May 2007, Amazon acquired dpreview.com, a London-based digital photography review website created by Phil Askey as his personal hobby website and Brilliance Audio, the largest independent publisher of audiobooks in the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா.[39]
  • In January 2008, Amazon announced that it would acquire audiobook provider Audible.com for $300 million in cash.
  • In June 2008, Amazon announced that it had acquired Fabric.com, an online fabric store.[40]
  • In July 2008, Amazon's IMDb subsidiary purchased Box Office Mojo, a site that tracks movie sales in theatres.[41]
  • In August 2008, Amazon announced it had an agreement to purchase Victoria, B.C. based AbeBooks, seller of new, used, out of print and rare books.[42] Later that month Amazon announced that it would acquire Seattle-based Shelfari, a book-based social network site, for an undisclosed sum.[43] As part of its acquisition of Abebooks Amazon also got an additional stake in Shelfari's competitor LibraryThing, which AbeBooks had previously purchased a 40 percent stake in, and whole ownership of Bookfinder.com, Gojaba.com, and listing-management service FillZ, all owned by AbeBooks at the time of acquisition.

பொருள்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகள்

வார்ப்புரு:Proseline Amazon.com has incorporated a number of products and services into its shopping model, either through development or acquisition.

2001
Honor System and donations: The Honor System was originally launched in 2001 to allow customers to make donations or buy digital content, with Amazon collecting 2.9 percent of the payment plus a flat fee of 30¢. The service was discontinued on December 11, 2008.[44] It has been succeeded by Amazon Payments.
2002
Web Services: Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2002. The service provides programmatic access to many features leveraged behind the scenes on its website.
2004

Amazon also created "channels" to benefit certain causes. In 2004, Amazon's "Presidential Candidates" allowed customers to donate $5–200 to the campaigns of 2004 U.S. presidential hopefuls. Amazon has periodically reactivated a Red Cross donation channel after such tragedies as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina. After the 2004 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Amazon set up an online donation channel to the American Red Cross, waiving its processing fee. By January 2005, nearly 200,000 individuals had donated over $15.7 million in the US alone.[45]

2005
Prime: Amazon Prime offers customers unlimited expedited shipping with no minimum purchase amount for a flat annual fee. The service also offers discounted priority shipping rates. Amazon launched the program in the continental ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா in 2005, in Japan in June 2007, in the United Kingdom and Germany in November 2007, and in France (as "Amazon Premium") in October 2008.
Shorts: Launched in 2005, Amazon Shorts offers exclusive short form content, including short stories and non-fiction pieces from best-selling authors, all available for immediate download at 49¢. As of June 2007, the program has over 1,700 pieces and is adding about 50 new pieces per week.
Mechanical Turk: In November 2005, Amazon.com began testing Amazon Mechanical Turk, an application programming interface (API) allowing programs to dispatch tasks to human processors.
2006
S3: In March 2006, Amazon launched an online storage service called Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). An unlimited number of data objects, from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes in size, can be stored in S3 and distributed via HTTP or BitTorrent. The service charges monthly fees for data stored and for data transferred.
SQS: In April 2006, Amazon introduced Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS), a distributed queue messaging service.
Discussion boards: In August 2006, Amazon launched product wikis (later folded into Amapedia) and discussion forums for certain products using guidelines that follow standard message board conventions.
EC2: In August 2006, Amazon introduced Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), a virtual site farm, allowing users to use the Amazon infrastructure with its high reliability to run diverse applications ranging from running simulations to web hosting. In 2008, Amazon improved the service adding Elastic Block Store (EBS), offering persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances and Elastic IP addresses, static IP addresses designed for dynamic cloud computing.
2007
Amapedia: In January 2007 Amazon launched Amapedia, a collaborative wiki for user-generated content to replace ProductWiki.
Unbox: In March 2007, Amazon launched an online video on demand service, Amazon Unbox.
MP3 downloads: In September 2007, Amazon launched a new music store (currently in beta) called Amazon MP3, which sells downloadable tracks, all in the MP3 format and most recorded at 256 kilobits per second variable bitrate (VBR).[46] Amazon's terms of use agreements legally restrict use of the music, but Amazon does not use DRM to enforce those terms.[47]
Amazon MP3 sells music from the Big 4 record labels: EMI, Universal, Warner Bros. Records, and Sony BMG, as well as many independents. Previous to the launch of this service, Amazon made an investment in Amie Street, a similar music store with a variable pricing model based on demand.[48]
Vine: In August 2007 Amazon launched Amazon Vine, which allows top product reviewers free access to pre-release products from vendors participating in the program. Reviewers may either return the used product to Amazon, or post a review and keep the product, within a few months of receipt.
FPS: In August 2007 Amazon launched a payment service specifically targeted at developers called Flexible Payment Service FPS. Amazon FPS has facilities for developing many different charging models including micro-payments. The service also gives developers easy access to Amazon customers.[மேற்கோள் தேவை]
Kindle: In November 2007, Amazon launched Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader which downloads content over "Whispernet", a free EV-DO wireless service on the Sprint Nextel network. The screen uses E Ink technology to reduce battery consumption. In 2008 Amazon claimed its library had grown to 200,000 titles.
SimpleDB: In December 2007, Amazon introduced SimpleDB, a database system, allowing users of its other infrastructure to utilize a high reliability high performance database system.
AmazonFresh: In August 2007, Amazon launched an invitation-only beta-test for online grocery delivery. It has since rolled out in several Seattle, Washington suburbs.
2008
Amazon MP3: In January 2008 Amazon announced they would be rolling out their MP3 service to their subsidiary websites worldwide throughout the year.[49] On December 1, 2008, Amazon MP3 was made available in the UK.
SoundUnwound: At the beginning of September, IMDB and Amazon.com launched a Music metadata browsing site with wiki-like user contribution. [50]
Frustration-Free Packaging: In November, Amazon partnered with manufacturers including Fisher-Price, Mattel, Microsoft and electronics manufacturer Transcend to offer products in minimal packaging. This reduces environmental impact of the packaging and frustration with opening "clamshell" type security packaging. [51]
EC2 Windows Client: In Amazon Web Services launched a public beta of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud running Microsoft Windows Server and Microsoft SQL Server. [52]
Undated
Connect: Amazon Connect enables authors to post remarks on their book pages and to customers who have bought their books.
WebStore: WebStore by Amazon allows businesses to create e-commerce websites using Amazon technology. Merchants can customize their sites using their own photos and branding. Sellers pay a commission of 7 percent, which includes credit-card processing fees and fraud protection, and a subscription fee of $59.95/month for an unlimited number of webstores and listings.

Controversies

Trademark infringement

In 1999 the Amazon Bookstore Cooperative of Minneapolis, Minnesota sued Amazon.com for trademark infringement. The cooperative had been using the name "Amazon" since 1970, but reached an out-of-court agreement to share the name with the on-line retailer.[53]

Patent use

The company has been controversial for its alleged use of patents as a competitive hindrance. The "1-click patent"[54] is perhaps the best-known example of this. Amazon's use of the one-click patent against competitor Barnes and Noble's website led the Free Software Foundation to announce a boycott on Amazon in December 1999.[55] The boycott was discontinued in September 2002.[56]

On February 22, 2000, the company was granted a patent covering an internet-based customer referral system, or what is commonly called an "affiliate program". Reaction was swift and negative. Industry leaders Tim O'Reilly and Charlie Jackson spoke out against the patent,[57] and O'Reilly published an open letter[58] to Bezos protesting the 1-click patent and the affiliate program patent, and petitioning him to "avoid any attempts to limit the further development of internet commerce".

O'Reilly collected 10,000 signatures[59] with this petition. Bezos responded with his own open letter.[60] The protest ended with O'Reilly and Bezos visiting Washington, D.C. to lobby for patent reform.

On February 25, 2003, the company was granted a patent titled "Method and system for conducting a discussion relating to an item on Internet discussion boards".[61]

On May 12, 2006, the USPTO ordered a re-examination[62] of the "One-Click" patent, based on a request filed by Peter Calveley, who cited as prior art an earlier e-commerce patent and the Digicash electronic cash system.[63]

Amazon acquired TextPayMe, a mobile payment service in 2006. One of the assets acquired was a patent concerning an electronic payment service using a mobile device.[64]

Canadian operations

Amazon has a Canadian site in both English and French, but is prevented from operating any headquarters, servers, fulfillment centers or call centers in Canada by that country's legal restrictions on foreign-owned booksellers. Instead, Amazon's Canadian site originates in the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா, and Amazon has an agreement with Canada Post to handle distribution within Canada and for the use of the Crown corporation's Mississauga, Ontario shipping facility.[65] The launch of Amazon.ca generated controversy in Canada. In 2002, the Canadian Booksellers Association and Indigo Books and Music sought a court ruling that Amazon's partnership with Canada Post represented an attempt to circumvent Canadian law,[66] but the litigation was dropped in 2004.[67]

வாடிக்கையாளர் சேவை

Customers can now submit written customer service requests, which are answered by e-mail, call a toll-free number, or use a click-to-call service to be connected by phone to an available service representative.[68]

Before Amazon published its phone number on its website, numerous web pages existed solely to publish the Amazon.com customer service phone numbers. One such page received in excess of 23,000 visits in December 2004 alone.[69] Despite the perceived difficulty in reaching customer service by phone, Amazon.com "remains the leader among e-tailers" in customer satisfaction according to the American Customer Satisfaction Index's fourth-quarter 2007 survey.[70]

Labor relations

Amazon has opposed efforts by trade unions to organize in both the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா and the United Kingdom.

In 2001, 850 employees in Seattle were laid off by Amazon.com after a unionization drive. The Washington Alliance of Technological Workers (WashTech) accused the company of violating union laws, and claimed Amazon managers subjected them to intimidation and heavy propaganda. Amazon denies any link between the unionization effort and the lay-offs.[71]

Also in 2001, Amazon.co.uk hired a US management consultancy organization, The Burke Group, to assist in defeating a campaign by the Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU, now part of Amicus) to achieve recognition in the Milton Keynes distribution depot. It was alleged that the company victimized or sacked four union members during the 2001 recognition drive and held a series of captive meetings with employees.[72][73]

Some employees of Amazon in the United Kingdom are required to submit to drug tests and can have their employment terminated on a positive test. However, the reliability of the tests has been called into question, as in the case of an Amazon worker who won a tribunal case against the company.[74]

The Humane Society of the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா v. Amazon.com, Inc., et al.

Amazon at one time carried two cockfighting magazines and two dog fighting videos although the Humane Society of the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா (HSUS) contends that the sale of these materials is a violation of U.S. Federal law. The Humane Society of the ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா has filed a lawsuit against Amazon.[75] A campaign to boycott Amazon purchases gained momentum in August 2007 after the much publicized dog fighting case involving NFL quarterback Michael Vick.[76]

On May 21, 2008, Marburger Publishing agreed to settle with the Humane Society by requesting that Amazon stop offering their magazine The Game Cock for subscription. The second magazine named in the Humane Society lawsuit, The Feathered Warrior, remains available.[77]

Reader reviews credibility

A 2004 glitch in Amazon.ca's review system revealed that many well-established authors were anonymously giving themselves glowing reviews, with some revealed to be anonymously giving "rival" authors terrible reviews. The glitch in the system was fixed and those reviews have since been removed or made non anonymous.[78][79]

Nazi T-shirts

An article published in the Czech weekly Tyden in January 2008 called attention to shirts sold by Amazon which were emblazoned with "I Love Heinrich Himmler" and "I Love Reinhard Heydrich," professing affection for the infamous Nazi officers and war criminals. Patricia Smith, a spokeswoman for Amazon, told Tyden, "Our catalog contains millions of items. With such a large number, unexpected merchandise may get onto the Web." Smith told Tyden that Amazon does not intend to stop cooperating with Direct Collection, the producer of the T-shirts. Following pressure from the World Jewish Congress, Amazon announced that it had removed from its website the aforementioned T-shirts as well as "I love Hitler" T-shirts that they were selling for women and children. After the WJC intervention, other items such as a Hitler Youth Knife emblazoned with the Nazi slogan "Blood and Honor" were also removed from Amazon.com as well as a 1933 German SS Officer Dagger distributed by Knife-Kingdom.[80]

BookSurge

In March 2008, sales representatives of Amazon's BookSurge division started contacting publishers of print on demand titles to inform them that for Amazon to continue selling their POD-produced books, they would need to sign agreements with Amazon's own BookSurge POD company. Publishers were told that eventually, the only POD titles that Amazon would be selling would be those printed by their own company, BookSurge. Some publishers felt that this ultimatum amounted to monopoly abuse, and questioned the ethics of the move and its legality under anti-trust law.[81]

Interfering with publishers' direct sales

In 2008, Amazon UK came under criticism for attempting to prevent publishers from direct selling at discount from their own websites. Amazon's argument was that they should be able to pay the publishers based on the lower prices offered on their websites, rather than on the full RRP.[82][83]

Dispute with Hachette Livre UK

In June 2008 Amazon UK drew criticism in the British publishing community following their withdrawal from sale of key titles published by Hachette Livre UK. The withdrawal is apparently intended to put pressure on the publisher to provide levels of discount described by the trade as unreasonable. Curtis Brown's managing director Jonathan Lloyd was quoted in The Bookseller magazine as saying: "I think the entire industry of publishers, authors and agents are 100% behind [Hachette]. Someone has to draw a line in the sand. Publishers have given 1% a year away to retailers, so where does it stop? Using authors as a financial football is disgraceful."[84][85]

Lawsuits with the State of New York

In 2008 New York passed a law that would force online retailers to collect sales taxes on shipments to New York State residents.[86] Shortly after the law was signed, Amazon.com filed a complaint in the New York Supreme Court objecting to the law.[86] The complaint wasn't based on whether in-State customers should pay tax, but was based on the long standing practice of it being the responsibility of the customer to report the sales tax (known as use tax in this case) and not that of the out of State businesses.[86]

The lawsuit was tossed out of court in January 2009 when New York State Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten stated that "there is no basis upon which Amazon can prevail."[87] Though Amazon.com argued that it had no substantial physical presence in New York, Judge Bransten felt otherwise, writing that " the Seattle-based retailer failed in its claim that its associates based in New York do not solicit business from customers in that state."[87] And wrote that the law was carefully crafted and did not unfairly target Amazon.com.[87]

Deranking of erotic, LGBT, feminist, progressive and sex-positive content

On April 12, 2009, it was revealed via Twitter under the tag "#amazonfail", that some erotic, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, feminist and progressive books were being excluded from Amazon's sales rankings.[88] Various books and media were flagged as "Adult content" (including children's books, self-help books, non-fiction, and non-explicit fiction), with the result that works by established authors like E. M. Forster, Gore Vidal, Jeanette Winterson and D. H. Lawrence were now unranked.[89]

The change first received publicity on the blog of author Mark R. Probst, who reproduced an e-mail from Amazon customer service describing a policy of de-ranking "adult" material.[88][89] However, Amazon later said that there was no policy of de-ranking LGBT material, and blamed the change first on a "glitch"[90] and then on "an embarrassing and ham-fisted cataloging error" that had affected 57,310 books.[91]

Practice of banning customers

Amazon bans customers who it deems as having received too many refunds. The banned customer is unable to use any Amazon services, and if they have a Kindle, some functionality is lost. [92][93][94][95]

கட்டப்பட்ட வரிகள்

In April 2009, BusinessWeek magazine reported that Amazon.com was one of 25 US companies that paid the least US taxes. Amazon.com paid a 4.1 percent annual tax rate, far less than the standard 35 percent corporate rate, based on an analysis of the company's financial figures for 2005-2008. According to SEC filings, this rate was caused in part by lower tax rates for Amazon.com's international subsidiaries. [96] Amazon.com did not respond to BusinessWeek's request for comment.

Entrepreneurship by former employees

A number of companies have been started and funded by former Amazon.com employees.[97] This is despite a non-compete agreement Amazon employees must sign that prohibits starting a company with another Amazon employee.[மேற்கோள் தேவை]

See also

மேலும் படிக்க

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. ↑ "Company Profile for Amazon.com Inc (AMZN)". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-10-02.
  2. ↑ http://www.internetretailer.com/top500/list.asp
  3. ↑ "Amazon is UK's third favorite retailer". theBookseller.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2009-01-15.
  4. ↑ "Time Magazine 1999 Person of the Year – Jeffrey P. Bezos". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-01-05.
  5. ↑ Top Executive Profiles - Jeffrey P. Bezos - Portfolio.com
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 NYTimes, July 10, 2005: "A Retail Revolution Turns 10"
  7. ↑ Amazon.com Introduces New Logo; New Design Communicates Customer Satisfaction and A-to-Z Selection
  8. ↑ Amazon.com's company timeline
  9. ↑ E-Commerce Times: Toys 'R' Us wins right to end amazon partnership., March 3, 2006
  10. ↑ "Amazon to set up shop in South Lake Union". Accessed online 15 July 2008.
  11. ↑ Fulfillment by Amazon from the company's website
  12. ↑ Amazon.com shuttering 3 U.S. distribution centers, a March 2009 கணினி உலகம் article
  13. ↑ Amazon.co.uk Warehouse Deals address
  14. ↑ Wales Online - Call for jobs to go to locals
  15. ↑ BBC NEWS | Wales | Jobs boost as web warehouse opens
  16. ↑ amazon.com money-home-page
  17. ↑ http://zshops.amazon.com
  18. ↑ http://auctions.amazon.com
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 U.S. Trademark registrations numbered 3216667 and 3266840/3266847, issued March 6, 2007 and July 17, 2007
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Trademark Electronic Search System from the USPTO, supplying "PINZON" as the search term
  21. ↑ "Amazon.com to Launch DRM-Free MP3 Music Download Store". Marketatch.com. 2007-05-16. http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/amazoncom-launch-drm-free-mp3-music/story.aspx?guid=%7B2DDA7474%2D0D0C%2D40DC%2DA31D%2DC4A188DC1D69%7D&dist=TQP_Mod_pressN. பார்த்த நாள்: 2007-05-20. 
  22. ↑ Amazon.com-News Release
  23. ↑ Amazon.com Launches Public Beta of Amazon MP3
  24. ↑ Leeds, Jeff (December 28, 2007). "Amazon to Sell Warner Music Minus Copy Protection". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/28/technology/28music.html. பார்த்த நாள்: January 12, 2009. 
  25. ↑ "Amazon Adds Fourth Major Record Label To DRM-Free Music Store". InformationWeek. January 10, 2008. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205602334&subSection=All+Stories. பார்த்த நாள்: January 12, 2009. 
  26. ↑ "Sony Drives Another Nail in the D.R.M. Coffin". The New York Times. January 10, 2008. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் January 12, 2009.
  27. ↑ http://fresh.amazon.com
  28. ↑ Remember Webvan? So Does Amazon TechCrunch article referencing the defunct Webvan.
  29. ↑ Amazon, Fox nursing 'Stolen Child' Variety.
  30. ↑ Compete.com: SnapShot of amazon.com, walmart.com. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
  31. ↑ Amazon.com's online reader Search Inside reference
  32. ↑ Amazon.com Search Inside reference
  33. ↑ The Tiltboys: How to Read a Book for Free on Amazon
  34. ↑ Amazon.co.uk Associates: The web's most popular and successful Affiliate Program
  35. ↑ SnapShot of amazon.com (rank #11) - Compete
  36. ↑ "Amazon buys DVD-on-demand site". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-08-03.
  37. ↑ "Thousands of National Archives Films to Be Made Available Through CustomFlix Labs". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-08-03.
  38. ↑ Wisconsin Technology Network: "Amazon acquires Madison-based Shopbop"
  39. ↑ "Amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio". Taume News. 2007-05-27. http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358. பார்த்த நாள்: 2007-05-28. 
  40. ↑ Internet Retailer: "Amazon weaves Fabric.com into its e-commerce quilt"
  41. ↑ Fritz, Ben (2008-12-15). "IMDB links up with Box Office Mojo". Variety. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-12-17.
  42. ↑ Amazon looks to fill niche with AbeBooks purchase
  43. ↑ http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/retail/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=210200911
  44. ↑ http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=542032
  45. ↑ More than $43 Million Raised by Consumer Programs for Red Cross Tsunami Relief, American Red Cross press release, January 21, 2005.
  46. ↑ "Amazon MP3 Music Downloads Frequently Asked Questions". Amazon.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-09-29.
  47. ↑ Amazon MP3 Frequently Asked Questions
  48. ↑ Cheng, Jacqui (2007-08-06). "Amazon invests in social music site Amie Street". ArsTechnica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070806-amazon-invests-in-social-music-site-amie-street.html. பார்த்த நாள்: 2007-09-26. 
  49. ↑ "Amazon MP3 Music Coming to UK'". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-02-01.
  50. ↑ http://www.soundunwoundblog.com/2008/09/and-the-light-1.html
  51. ↑ http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html/?ie=UTF8&docId=1000276271
  52. ↑ http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1216597&highlight=
  53. ↑ "Amazon.com, Bookstore Settle Suit". InternetNews. 1994-11-04. http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article.php/232351. பார்த்த நாள்: 2006-09-24. 
  54. ↑ US59,60,411 (PDF version) (1997-09-12) Hartman; Peri (Seattle, WA), Bezos; Jeffrey P. (Seattle, WA), Kaphan; Shel (Seattle, WA), Spiegel; Joel (Seattle, WA), Method and system for placing a purchase order via a communications network. 
  55. ↑ "Richard Stallman – Boycott Amazon!". Linux Today. 1999-12-22. http://linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=1999-12-22-001-05-NW-LF. பார்த்த நாள்: 2006-09-22. 
  56. ↑ From the Free Software Foundation site: amazon philosophy.
  57. ↑ Linux Journal Talking Patents
  58. ↑ http://oreilly.com/amazon_patent/amazon_patent.comments.htm
  59. ↑ http://oreilly.com/amazon_patent/amazon_patent.comments.html 10,000 signatures
  60. ↑ An Open Letter to Jeff Bezos
  61. ↑ US65,25,747 (PDF version) (1999-08-02) Bezos; Jeffrey P., Method and system for conducting a discussion relating to an item. 
  62. ↑ smh.com.au Kiwi actor v Amazon.com
  63. ↑ igdmlgd blogspot
  64. ↑ "Announcing the Launch of TextPayMe, a Revolutionary New Mobile Payment Solution".
  65. ↑ "Amazon.ca debuts in Canada". CTV.ca. 2002-06-25. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20020625/amazon_canada020625?s_name=&no_ads=. பார்த்த நாள்: 2006-12-19. 
  66. ↑ "Book Biz Takes on Amazon.ca". Wired (magazine). 2002-08-08. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,54387,00.html. பார்த்த நாள்: 2006-12-19. 
  67. ↑ "Gowlings IP Report Online: Canadian Booksellers Association Abandons Amazon.ca Case". Gowlings. 2004-09-24. http://www.gowlings.com/resources/enewsletters/ipreportonline/Htmfiles/V2N03_20040924.html#b4. பார்த்த நாள்: 2006-12-19. 
  68. ↑ Amazon.com Click-to-Call feature
  69. ↑ "The Amazon.com Customer Service Phone Number"
  70. ↑ ACSI Quarterly Commentaries Q4 2007
  71. ↑ Short shrift for unions in Amazon's silicon jungle
  72. ↑ Divide and rule
  73. ↑ Union Busting at Amazon.com in Britain by Dr Gregor Gall
  74. ↑ http://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/article.php?sec=1&id=17371
  75. ↑ The HSUS v. Amazon.com, Inc., et al. (Animal fighting materials) | The Humane Society of the United States
  76. ↑ "Humane Society has its sights on Amazon.com". The New York Times. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-01-05.
  77. ↑ "Alleged Cockfight Mag To Stay Off Amazon". Associated Press (CBS News). 2008-05-21. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/21/business/main4113055.shtml. பார்த்த நாள்: 2008-06-16. 
  78. ↑ CNN.com - Report: Glitch IDs anonymous Amazon reviewers - February 14, 2004
  79. ↑ Amazon Glitch Unmasks War Of Reviewers
  80. ↑ "Amazon selling ‘I love Himmler’ T-shirts". JTA (JTA). 2008-01-22. http://jta.org/news/article/2008/01/22/106542/himmleramazon. பார்த்த நாள்: 2008-01-22. 
  81. ↑ "Amazon.com Telling POD Publishers - Let BookSurge Print Your Books, or Else..." Writers Weekly. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-03-31.
  82. ↑ "Amazon threat on Direct Selling". Publishing News. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-05-27.
  83. ↑ "Amazon furious after publishers undercut its book prices online". The Times. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-05-27.
  84. ↑ "Agents pick sides on Hachette v Amazon=[[The Bookseller]]". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-06-15. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  85. ↑ "Publisher's Lunch". பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2008-06-15.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Hansell, Saul. "Amazon Sues New York State to Void Sales Tax Rules". nytimes.com. May 1, 2008.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Sage, Alexandria and Edith Honan. "NY Judge Tosses Amazon.com Lawsuit Over Sales Tax". reuters.com. January 13, 2009.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 James, Andrea (2009-04-13). "Amazon under fire for perceived anti-gay policy". Seattle PI. http://blog.seattlepi.com/amazon/archives/166259.asp. பார்த்த நாள்: 2009-04-13. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Bobby Johnson and Helen Pidd "'Gay writing' falls foul of Amazon sales ranking system", Yhe Guardian, 13 April 2009
  90. ↑ Musil, Steven (2009-04-13). "Amazon criticized for de-ranking 'adult' books". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-10217715-93.html. பார்த்த நாள்: 2009-04-13. 
  91. ↑ Martinez, Amy (2009-04-13). "Amazon.com says it has fixed error that removed gay, lesbian sales rankings". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009033443_webamazon14.html. பார்த்த நாள்: 2009-04-13. 
  92. ↑ "Returning Product To Amazon Could Brick Your Kindle"
  93. ↑ "Surprise! If Your Amazon Account Dies, It Takes Your Kindle With It"
  94. ↑ "Amazon banning Kindle accounts on return rate?"
  95. ↑ "Amazon Can Ban You From Your Kindle Account Whenever It Likes"
  96. ↑ "US Companies That Paid The Least Taxes," BusinessWeek, April 23, 2009
  97. ↑ Malik, Om (2008-11-21). ""The Growing Ex-Amazon Club and Why It's a Good Thing"". Gigaom.
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