குவாரசமிய அரசமரபு

குவாரசமியப் பேரரசு
குவாரசமியப் பேரரசு خوارزمشاهیان; க்வரஸ்ம்ஷஹியான்
	1077–1231
	1217ல் குவாரசமியப் பேரரசு
தலைநகரம்	குர்கஞ்ச்; (1077–1212); சமர்கந்து; (1212–1220); கஜ்னா; (1220–1221); தப்ரிசு; (1225–1231)
பேசப்படும் மொழிகள்	பாரசீகம் ; கிப்சாக் துருக்கியம்
சமயம்	சன்னி இசுலாம்
அரசாங்கம்	தன்னலக் குழு
குவாரசமிய ஷா அல்லது சுல்தான்
• 1077–1096/7	அனுஷ்டிஜின் கர்ச்சாய்
• 1220–1231	ஜலால் அத்-தின் மிங்புர்னு
வரலாற்று சகாப்தம்	நடுக்காலம்
• தொடக்கம்	1077
• மங்கோலியர்களின் குவாரசமியப் படையெடுப்பு	1218-1221
• யஸ்ஸிசிமென் போர்	1230
• முடிவு	1231
பரப்பு
1218 (est.)	3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
முந்தையது	பின்னையது
	பெரிய செல்ஜுக் பேரரசு
	குரிட் அரசமரபு
மங்கோலியப் பேரரசு

குவாரசமிய அரசமரபு (/kwəˈræzmiən/;^[4] அல்லது அனுஸ்டெஜின் அரசமரபு என்பது ஒரு பாரசீக^[5]^[6]^[7] சன்னி இசுலாம் அரசமரபு ஆகும். இது துருக்கிய அடிமைகளில் இருந்து தோன்றியது.^[8]^[9] இந்த அரசமரபு உயர் நடுக்காலத்தில் நடு ஆசியா மற்றும் ஈரானின் பெரும் பகுதிகளை ஆண்டது. தோராயமாக 1077 முதல் 1231 வரை ஆண்டது. முதலில் இவர்கள் செல்ஜுக்குகள்^[10] மற்றும் காரா கிதான்களுக்குக்^[11] கப்பம் கட்டுபவர்களாக இருந்தனர். பின்னர் சுதந்திரமாகச் செயல்பட்டனர். 13ம் நூற்றாண்டில் மங்கோலியர்களின் குவாரசமியப் படையெடுப்பு வரை இவ்வாறு செயல்பட்டனர்.

இந்த அரசமரபு தளபதி அனுஷ்டிஜின் கர்ச்சாயால் தொடங்கப்பட்டது. இவர் செல்ஜுக் சுல்தான்களின் முன்னாள் துருக்கிய அடிமை ஆவார். இவர் குவாரசமியாவின் ஆளுநராக நியமிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தார். இவரது மகன் முதலாம் குத்ப் அத்-தின் முஹம்மத் இவரது பரம்பரையில் வந்த குவாரசமியாவின் முதல் ஷா ஆவார்.^[12]

உசாத்துணை[தொகு]

↑ Kathryn Babayan, Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs: cultural landscapes of early modern Iran, (Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2003), 14.
↑ Bobodzhan Gafurovich Gafurov, Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times, Vol.2, (Shipra Publications, 1989), 359.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 497. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793. பார்த்த நாள்: 16 September 2016.
↑ "Khwarazmian: definition". Merriam Webster. n.d. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 21 October 2010.
↑ C. E. Bosworth: KHWARAZMSHAHS i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."
↑ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
↑ "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [1] பரணிடப்பட்டது 2013-05-02 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
↑ Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1
↑ C. E. Bosworth, "CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)
↑ Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.
↑ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
↑ பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம், "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)

[1] Kathryn Babayan, Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs: cultural landscapes of early modern Iran, (Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2003), 14.

[2] Bobodzhan Gafurovich Gafurov, Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times, Vol.2, (Shipra Publications, 1989), 359.

[3] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 497. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793. பார்த்த நாள்: 16 September 2016.

[4] "Khwarazmian: definition". Merriam Webster. n.d. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 21 October 2010.

[Iranica-5] C. E. Bosworth: KHWARAZMSHAHS i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."

[6] Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"

[7] "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [1] பரணிடப்பட்டது 2013-05-02 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்

[8] Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1

[9] C. E. Bosworth, "CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)

[10] Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.

[11] Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.

[Britannica-12] பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம், "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)

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